The Role of Carbohydrates in Urea Utilization, Cellulose Digestion and Fatty Acid Formation

Belasco, I. J.

doi:10.2527/jas1956.152496x

Cited by 54 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Using an in vitro artificial rumen technique Belasco (1956) has made some such comparisons, for example, starch increased urea utilization to a greater extent than xylan or pectin; glucose also led to an increased utilization, but the largest improvements were observed with supplements of starch and cellulose together.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

The inter-relationships of individual proteins and carbohydrates during fermentation in the rumen of the sheep. I. The fermentation of casein in the presence of starch or other carbohydrate materials

Lewis

McDonald

1958

J. Agric. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

1. The metabolic interactions of casein and starch or other carbohydrates are measured by estimating the concentrations of volatile fatty acids, ammonia, lactic acid and amino acids in the rumen after administering the protein and carbohydrate supplements alone or together.2. The ammonia concentration is reduced (i.e. its utilization is probably increased), by the carbohydrate materials; levan and starch achieve this slightly more effectively than glucose or xylan and the effect of cellulose is very slight.3. Under conditions when the normal ration fed is not of high quality a small supplement of casein stimulates the rate of fermentation of starch and other carbohydrates.4. The findings indicate that the best utilization of protein supplements is probably obtained when a carbohydrate is also present that can be fermented at a comparable rate, conditions which stimulate microbial synthesis in the rumen.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

The inter-relationships of individual proteins and carbohydrates during fermentation in the rumen of the sheep. I. The fermentation of casein in the presence of starch or other carbohydrate materials

Lewis

McDonald

1958

J. Agric. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Earlier studies investigating the effects of CHO supplementation and type on ruminal fermentation focused on the possibility of using nonprotein N (urea) as a substitute for feed protein in cattle diets (Mills et al, 1944;Belasco, 1956). More recently, the target of CHO supplementation was improving dietary CP and Comparison of predicted lines Except for listed comparisons, lines did not differ among treatments (P = 0.14 to 0.6): STA vs. GLU, P = 0.01; STA vs. NDF, P = 0.001; MIX vs. NDF, P = 0.09 a Carbohydrates (CHO, treatments) were as follows: corn dextrose (GLU); cornstarch (STA); fiber (NDF, white oat fiber); and a CHO mix (25% of each) = apple pectin, GLU, STA, and NDF (MIX).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of carbohydrate source on ammonia utilization in lactating dairy cows1

Hristov

Ropp

Grandeen

et al. 2005

Journal of Animal Science

137

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dextrose, starch, NDF, and a carbohydrate (CHO) mix on utilization of ruminal ammonia in dairy cows. Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows (BW = 788 +/- 31 kg; 217 +/- 35 d in milk) were allocated to four treatments in a 4 x 4 Latin square design trial. Cows were fed an all alfalfa diet at 12-h intervals (DMI = 22.2 +/- 0.25 kg/d). Treatments were control, white oat fiber (NDF); corn dextrose (GLU); cornstarch (STA); and a CHO mix (25% of each): apple pectin, GLU, STA, and NDF (MIX). Carbohydrates were introduced intraruminally during feeding at 20% of dietary DMI. Ruminal ammonia was labeled with (15)N. Ruminal pH was the highest for NDF followed by STA and MIX and GLU (P < 0.001). Ruminal ammonia concentration and pool size were decreased by GLU and STA compared with NDF (P < 0.001 and P = 0.03, respectively). Acetate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, and total VFA concentration in the rumen were decreased (P = 0.009 to 0.001), and butyrate was increased (P < 0.001) by GLU compared with the other CHO. Microbial N flow to the duodenum was decreased (P < 0.05) by NDF compared with the other CHO, and the flow of microbial N formed from ammonia was greater for STA compared with GLU and NDF (P = 0.04 and 0.03, respectively). Urinary N loss was decreased (P = 0.05) by GLU and STA, but overall (feces plus urine) N losses were not affected (P = 0.73) by treatment. Milk urea concentration was lowered by GLU and STA compared with NDF and MIX (P = 0.002). The proportion of bacterial N synthesized from ammonia in the rumen was greater with STA than with NDF and MIX and was least for GLU (P = 0.02). Irreversible ammonia loss and flux were lower (P = 0.09 and 0.02, respectively) for GLU than for STA and NDF. As a percentage of the dose given, cumulative secretion of (15)N ammonia in milk protein was greater for STA than for GLU or NDF (P = 0.01 and 0.001, respectively). This experiment demonstrated that provision of readily fermentable energy can decrease ammonia concentrations in the rumen through decreased ammonia production (GLU), or through enhanced uptake of ammonia for microbial protein synthesis (STA). Rapidly fermentable energy in the rumen decreased ammonia production and flux, but the overall efficiency of ammonia utilization for milk protein synthesis was only increased by enhancing ruminal microbial ammonia uptake.

show abstract

“…Associative effects of true protein and nonprotein N are known to occur (Merchen et al, 1979;Zinn et al, 2003), which can positively affect OM and starch digestibility (Milton et al, 1997). Furthermore, dietary urea can accelerate cellulose digestion and increase DMI (Burroughs et al, 1950;Minson and Milford, 1968), especially in the presence of readily available carbohydrates (Belasco, 1956). Crude protein in all the diets was greater than 21%, and even though it does not seem plausible that ruminal microbes in lambs fed 0JUN would benefit from additional N, more than 50% of the CP in corn ethanol DDGS escapes ruminal fermentation (Waller et al, 1980;Firkins et al, 1984).…”

Section: Animal Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of using ground redberry juniper and dried distillers grains with solubles in lamb feedlot diets: Growth, blood serum, fecal, and wool characteristics1

Whitney¹,

Lupton²,

Muir³

et al. 2014

Journal of Animal Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Effects of using ground redberry juniper and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in Rambouillet lamb (n = 45) feedlot diets on growth, blood serum, fecal, and wool characteristics were evaluated. In a randomized design study with 2 feeding periods (Period 1 = 64% concentrate diet, 35 d; Period 2 = 85% concentrate diet, 56 d), lambs were individually fed 5 isonitrogenous diets: a control diet (CNTL) that contained oat hay but not DDGS or juniper or DDGS-based diets in which 0 (0JUN), 33 (33JUN), 66 (66JUN), or 100% (100JUN) of the oat hay was replaced by juniper. During Period 1, lambs fed CNTL had greater (P < 0.05) DMI and ADG and tended to have greater (P < 0.10) G:F than lambs fed 0JUN or lambs fed DDGS-based diets. Lamb DMI, ADG, and G:F quadratically increased (P < 0.008) as juniper increased in the DDGS-based diets. During Period 2, lambs fed CNTL had greater (P < 0.05) DMI than lambs fed 0JUN or lambs fed DDGS-based diets, but ADG was similar (P > 0.41). Compared to 0JUN, lambs fed CNTL had similar (P = 0.12) G:F and tended to have less G:F (P = 0.07) than lambs fed DDGS-based diets. Among lambs fed DDGS-based diets, DMI was similar (P > 0.19), ADG increased linearly (P = 0.03), and G:F tended to decrease quadratically (P = 0.06) as juniper increased in the diet. Serum IGF-1, serum urea N (SUN), and fecal N were greater (P < 0.05) and serum Ca and P and fecal P were similar (P > 0.13) for lambs fed CNTL vs. lambs fed DDGS-based diets (CNTL). Within lambs fed DDGS-based diets, SUN increased quadratically (P = 0.01) and fecal N increased linearly (P = 0.004), which can partially be attributed to increased dietary urea and condensed tannin intake. Most wool characteristics were not affected, but wool growth per kilogram of BW decreased quadratically (P = 0.04) as percentage of juniper increased in the DDGS-based diets. When evaluating the entire 91-d feeding trial, results indicated that replacing all of the ground oat hay with ground juniper leaves and stems in lamb growing and finishing diets is not detrimental to animal performance and that DDGS-based diets can reduce total feedlot costs, as compared to sorghum grain and cottonseed meal-based diets. However, compared to using juniper or oat hay as the sole roughage source, using both during the growing period (Period 1) enhanced growth performance and further reduced total feedlot costs.

show abstract

The Role of Carbohydrates in Urea Utilization, Cellulose Digestion and Fatty Acid Formation

Cited by 54 publications

References 0 publications

The inter-relationships of individual proteins and carbohydrates during fermentation in the rumen of the sheep. I. The fermentation of casein in the presence of starch or other carbohydrate materials

The inter-relationships of individual proteins and carbohydrates during fermentation in the rumen of the sheep. I. The fermentation of casein in the presence of starch or other carbohydrate materials

Effect of carbohydrate source on ammonia utilization in lactating dairy cows1

Effects of using ground redberry juniper and dried distillers grains with solubles in lamb feedlot diets: Growth, blood serum, fecal, and wool characteristics1

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About