Traditionally, iodine deficiency in the environment and malnutrition are considered to be the environmental causes of thyroid pathology such as goiter. Currently, the goitrogenic impact is established of a number of chemicals that are widely used in production and everyday life, heavy metal ions, as well as physical environmental factors -ionizing radiation and electromagnetic fields. High sensitivity of the thyroid gland to external inpacts and high social significance of the thyroid pathology give grounds to consider its morphofunctional state as a marker of ecological well-being of the environment.The thyroid gland (TG) as an important component of the homeostasis maintaining system, regulating vital functions, controlling over metabolic, physiological and adaptive processes, is one of the most vulnerable organs whose activities are related to the environment: it does not only need environmental iodine for synthesis of its hormones, but it also changes its morphofunctional state under the influence of various factors [1,2,3]. Because thyroid hormones play an important role in the body's adaptation to living in changing environmental conditions, adverse environmental factors can affect various parts of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and disrupt the synthesis, secretion and transport of thyroid hormones, as well as distort the effect of thyroid hormones on target cells, resulting in a cascade of functional and organic changes in the gland and subsequent disorders in the whole body.The imbalance of biometals, including that mediated by the external environment, is the cause of various health disorders: as it is noted [4], this problem ranks first among the topical and unresolved issues of preventive medicine, reaching national proportions in some cases. Effective thyroid function is possible under theconditions of sufficient intake of exogenous iodine as a substrate for biosynthesis of its hormones [5]. However, 2 billion people on Earth live in areas with iodine deficiency, of whom about 1.6 billion are at risk of developing iodine deficiency diseases, the most common of which is hypothyroidism.Areas with low iodine content in the environment are almost all of continental Europe, central Africa and South America, large areas of Southeast Asia. Iodine deficiency in soil, water, and local foods is perhaps the most common objective exogenous cause of occurrence, development, and maintenance in a wide range of disorders associated with iodine deficiency. In the study [6] of the iodine deficiency mechanisms' effect on the cell, a compensatory increase in the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, DNA damage by oxygen free radicals, degenerative changes and mutations were found; these changes over time being transformed into various thyroid diseases.