“…Third, we contribute an analysis of failed religious co-optation to the growing literature on backlash to cultural policies, including Carvalho (2013), Fouka (2020), Bazzi et al (2020), Iyigun et al (2021), Carvalho et al (2022), andSacks (2023). Finally, our model adds to a small, but growing literature on the regulation of cultural transmission by religious clubs (e.g., Verdier and Zenou, 2015;Carvalho, 2016;Carvalho, Koyama, and Sacks, 2017;Carvalho and Sacks, 2023). Unlike prior work, our model has a religious incumbent (establishment) and focuses on the entry of more radical organizations.…”