The role of diet in the development of breast cancer: a case-control study of patients with breast cancer, benign epithelial hyperplasia and fibrocystic disease of the breast

Ingram, David; Nottage, Elizabeth; Roberts, Tracy E

doi:10.1038/bjc.1991.268

Cited by 88 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Of the macronutrients that affect the GI starch intake has been directly associated with breast cancer risk in a casecontrol study after adjustment for confounding factors such as age, energy intake and alcohol consumption (Franceschi et al, 1996). Similar results were obtained by Ingram et al, (1991) while others did not show a significant relation (Rohan et al, 1988;Zaridze et al, 1991). Total carbohydrate intake in general was not associated with breast cancer risk (Table 10), although one study showed a significantly positive association (Franceschi et al, 1996) and another showed a negative association (Wakai et al, 2000).…”

Section: Breast Cancersupporting

confidence: 53%

“…However, in this study the cereal products represented also the main source of dietary fiber suggesting these were not refined cereals. Associations of sugar intake=confectionery with breast cancer have been reported in at least eight studies; two were direct ( Franceschi et al, 1995;Favero et al, 1998), one inverse after adjustment for macronutrient energy (Zaridze et al, 1991), while the remaining showed no consistent association (Rohan et al, 1988;Iscovich et al, 1989, Ewertz & Gill 1990Ingram et al, 1991;Levi et al, 1993, Franceschi et al, 1996; Table 10). …”

Section: Breast Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glycemic index in chronic disease: a review

et al. 2002

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Aim: The intent of this review is to critically analyze the scientific evidence on the role of the glycemic index in chronic Western disease and to discuss the utility of the glycemic index in the prevention and management of these disease states. Background: The glycemic index ranks foods based on their postprandial blood glucose response. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, as well as their determinants (eg high energy intake, obesity, lack of physical activity) have been implicated in the etiology of diabetes, coronary heart disease and cancer. Recently, among dietary factors, carbohydrates have attracted much attention as a significant culprit, however, different types of carbohydrate produce varying glycemic and insulinemic responses. Low glycemic index foods, characterized by slowly absorbed carbohydrates, have been shown in some studies to produce beneficial effects on glucose control, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, blood lipids and satiety. Method: Studies on the short and long-term metabolic effects of diets with different glycemic indices will be presented and discussed. The review will focus primarily on clinical and epidemiological data, and will briefly discuss in vitro and animal studies related to possible mechanisms by which the glycemic index may influence chronic disease.

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Section: Breast Cancersupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Breast Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycemic index in chronic disease: a review

et al. 2002

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“…High intakes of fruits and vegetables have been associated with reduced risks of many cancers, 22 including breast cancer, [23][24][25][26][27] as well as of benign breast disease 26,[28][29][30] ; but some studies 26,[31][32][33] have shown either only a moderate, or no reduction in risk of breast cancer in association with these foods. A meta-analysis of 14 casecontrol studies and 3 cohort studies showed a reduced risk of breast cancer in relation to vegetable consumption, but with significant heterogeneity among studies, and only a weak, non-significant, association with fruit intake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary and other risk factors in women having fibrocystic breast conditions with and without concurrent breast cancer: A nested case‐control study in Shanghai, China

Ray

Lampe

et al. 2005

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Risk of breast cancer is increased in women with proliferative benign breast conditions. Most of these conditions, however, do not progress to breast cancer. The purpose of our study was to identify factors possibly associated with this progression. Women with proliferative fibrocystic breast conditions alone (214), and women with proliferative fibrocystic breast conditions and concurrent breast cancer (130), were compared to each other, and each of these groups of women were also compared to 1,070 controls; and 176 women with non-proliferative benign breast conditions alone, and 155 also with breast cancer, were similarly compared. All study subjects were selected from a cohort of women enrolled in a trial of breast self-examination in Shanghai. Women were interviewed to ascertain information on suspected risk factors for breast cancer and dietary habits. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Increased risks of both proliferative fibrocystic breast conditions alone, and with breast cancer, were associated with low parity, a prior benign breast lump and breast cancer in a first-degree relative. Decreasing trends in the risk of both conditions with increasing intake of fruits and vegetables were observed. No factors were significantly associated with risk of breast cancer relative to risk of proliferative changes. Similar, but in some instances weaker, associations were observed for non-proliferative fibrocystic conditions with and without breast cancer. The possible risk or protective factors that were observed in our study most likely alter the risk of breast cancer at an early stage in the carcinogenic process, and probably do not alter risk of progression from proliferative fibrocystic breast conditions to breast cancer. ' 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: breast cancer; fibrocystic breast conditions; risk factors; diet; fruits; vegetables Women who have undergone a breast biopsy for benign breast disease are at increased risk of breast cancer. 1 Although nonproliferative breast conditions do not seem to be associated with increased risk of breast cancer, proliferative fibrocystic breast conditions without and with atypia have been associated with 2-fold and 4-fold increased risks of breast cancer, respectively. 2-8 Most women who are diagnosed with proliferative fibrocystic breast conditions do not develop breast cancer, however, suggesting the presence of risk factors necessary for progression.Breast cancer presumably results when a cell first undergoes an initiating genetic alteration, and then either this cell or one of its daughter cells, which inherits that initiating genetic damage is transformed into a cell with malignant characteristics by undergoing one or more subsequent events. In this scenario, proliferative activity may play an important role by increasing the expansion of initiated cells and the likelihood that one will undergo subsequent events ultimately leading to transformation to a malignant phenotype. 9,10 The morp...

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“…Some case-control studies showed a decrease in breast cancer risk with increased intake of the (pro)vitamins (Katsouyanni et al, 1988;Howe et al, 1990; Graham et al, 1991;Lee et al, 1991;Zaridze et al, 1991) and fibre (Iscovich et al, 1989;Howe et al, 1990;Van 't Veer et al, 1990; Graham et al, 1991;Baghurst and Rohan, 1994), whereas other case-control studies showed the opposite for (pro)vitamins (Toniolo et al, 1989;Ewertz and Gill, 1990;Richardson et al, 1991) and fibre (Katsouyanni et al, 1988;Ingram et al, 1991). Mostly negative non-significant associations between (pro)vitamin intake and the risk of breast cancer have been found in the few prospective cohort studies that have been conducted so far (Paganini-Hill et al, 1987;Graham et al, 1992;Hunter et al, 1993;Rohan et al, 1993).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamins C and E, retinol, beta-carotene and dietary fibre in relation to breast cancer risk: a prospective cohort study

Verhoeven

Assen²,

Goldbohm³

et al. 1997

Br J Cancer

161

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. A small reduction in risk was also observed with increasing intake of dietary vitamin C (RR highest/lowest quintile = 0.77, 95% Cl 0.55-1.08). For retinol, a weak positive association was observed (RR highest/lowest quintile = 1.24, 95% Cl 0.83-1.83). Among subjects with a high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), both 5-carotene and vitamin C intake showed a non-significant inverse association with breast cancer risk (P-trend = 0.15 and 0.16 respectively). Our findings do not suggest a strong role, if any, for intake of vitamins C and E, 13-carotene, retinol, dietary fibre, vegetables, fruit and potatoes in the aetiology of breast cancer.

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The role of diet in the development of breast cancer: a case-control study of patients with breast cancer, benign epithelial hyperplasia and fibrocystic disease of the breast

Cited by 88 publications

References 9 publications

Glycemic index in chronic disease: a review

Glycemic index in chronic disease: a review

Dietary and other risk factors in women having fibrocystic breast conditions with and without concurrent breast cancer: A nested case‐control study in Shanghai, China

Vitamins C and E, retinol, beta-carotene and dietary fibre in relation to breast cancer risk: a prospective cohort study

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