The role of diffusion in the oxidation of mild steel in high temperature aqueous solutions

Castle, J. E.; Masterson, H.G.

doi:10.1016/s0010-938x(66)80001-x

Cited by 102 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The crater bottom is almost flat and its roughness is similar to that of the original specimen surfaces. From these measurements, the sputtering rate was found to be ¾0.3 nm s 1 . Figure 2 shows that the average scale thickness is ¾60 nm.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…All these models are based on the previous one proposed by Evans 1 for the corrosion of iron in caustic solution and assume a duplex microstructure for the growing corrosion scale combined with assumptions about transport phenomena, 2 scale dissolution 3,4 and pore blocking and precipitation. 1,5 The most recent model proposed by Gardey 6,7 for the corrosion of Alloy 600 combines the models of Evans, 1 Robertson 3,4 and Lister 5 and considers the growth of a corrosion scale consisting of three different layers, the innermost acting as a diffusion barrier and the outermost being porous. These models lead to rate laws and scale growth kinetics that fit fairly well to the observed corrosion kinetics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis and TEM examination of corrosion scales grown on Alloy 690 exposed to pressurized water at 325 °C

Carrette¹,

Lafont²,

Chatainier³

et al. 2002

Surface & Interface Analysis

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Corrosion scales grown on Alloy 690 during exposure to pressurized water were examined and analysed by SIMS, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM), XPS and x-ray diffraction at grazing incidence. All the corrosion tests were performed in pure water on spark-machined and 1 µm polished specimens at a temperature of 325• C and a pressure of 155 bar. This surface finish results in the formation of a highly defective and thin perturbed zone similar to the standard surface finish of tubes used in pressurized water reactors. Two different testing devices were used: a static autoclave made of stainless steel and a recirculating autoclave made of titanium alloy. Scale thicknesses deduced from XTEM, XPS and SIMS are in good agreement; the average value is ∼50 nm for an exposure of 2160 h. The microstructure of these scales cannot be considered as duplex, as is usually described in the open literature. The scale is formed of a rather continuous and uniform internal Cr-rich thin layer and an external layer, the composition, morphology and microstructure of which depend on the test conditions and test duration. For example, scales grown in the static autoclave contain higher concentrations of Fe and Ni than scales grown in the recirculating titanium alloy autoclave.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and TEM examination of corrosion scales grown on Alloy 690 exposed to pressurized water at 325 °C

Carrette¹,

Lafont²,

Chatainier³

et al. 2002

Surface & Interface Analysis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…There are numerous standard test methods developed for testing and studying the corrosion resistance of metals/alloys. Studying the effect of flow on corrosion has been commonly performed by different testing methods, such as rotating cylinder electrodes 17,18 /disk [19][20][21] electrodes, impinging-jet test rigs [21][22][23][24] , rotating cages 25 , stationary electrodes [26][27][28] , and flow loops [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] . Data on electrochemical corrosion behavior of HSLA steels exposed to CO 2 containing solutions are not widely reported or available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical corrosion behavior of X52 and X60 steels in carbon dioxide containing saltwater solution

Rihan

2012

Mat. Res.

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X52 and X60 high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels are widely used in the construction of petroleum pipelines. This paper discusses the corrosion resistance of X52 and X60 steels in CO 2 containing saltwater at pH 4.4 and 50 °C. A circulating flow loop system inside an autoclave was used for conducting the experimental work. The rotating impeller speed was 2000 rpm. The corrosion rate was monitored using in situ electrochemical methods such as potentiodynamic sweep, linear polarization resistance, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. Results indicated that the corrosion rate of X60 steel is relatively higher than that of X52 steel.

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“…Recognizing that the diffusion of oxygen ions in the scale is too slow to account for the inner-layer formation, Castle and Masterson 22 developed a model in which it was assumed that the liquid, water, could reach the substrate surface through the porous oxide layer. Therefore, for a duplex-oxide layer, Castle and Masterson hypothesized that the oxidant reaching the steel surface through pores formed the inner layer, while the dissolved metals at pore bases diffused outwards and precipitated to form the outer layer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidation Mechanism of Steels in Liquid–Lead Alloys

Zhang

2005

Oxid Met

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The oxidation mechanism of steels in liquid-lead alloys (lead or lead-bismuth) was studied. Parametric dependencies of oxidation, including oxygen-concentration effects, oxidation-rate constant and corrosion-rate effects, are analyzed. An oxidation model is developed based on the assumptions that the chemical reactions are at equilibrium locally, and scale removal is due to mass-transfer corrosion. The model shows that outward-iron diffusion in the solid phase (oxide layer) controls the oxide growth and mass-transfer rate in the flowingboundary layer determines the corrosion-product transport in the liquid phase (liquid-lead alloy). The oxide thickness depends on both the parabolic oxidegrowth-rate constant and the mass-transfer-corrosion rate. For long-term operation, the outer layer of a duplex-oxide layer can be completely removed by flowing lead alloys and it is expected that a pure-chromium-oxide layer forms underneath the Fe-Cr spinel if iron is heavily depleted. The oxide thickness and steel weight change are very different from those of the pure parabolic law and they are classified into distinct and universal categories. The model is validated partially by application to interpreting the measured oxide behavior of several steels in a lead-bismuth eutectic-test loop.

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The role of diffusion in the oxidation of mild steel in high temperature aqueous solutions

Cited by 102 publications

References 10 publications

Analysis and TEM examination of corrosion scales grown on Alloy 690 exposed to pressurized water at 325 °C

Analysis and TEM examination of corrosion scales grown on Alloy 690 exposed to pressurized water at 325 °C

Electrochemical corrosion behavior of X52 and X60 steels in carbon dioxide containing saltwater solution

Oxidation Mechanism of Steels in Liquid–Lead Alloys

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