“…This is consistent with the finding that female users, relative to male, had shorter average breath-holding durations at baseline and following both drug conditions. These findings contribute to the growing literature that document sex differences in perceived distress intolerance (e.g., Johnson, Berenz, & Zvolensky, 2012; Simons & Gaher, 2005) and breath-holding duration in community-recruited samples with and without psychopathology (Johnson et al, 2012), trauma-exposed individuals (Berenz et al, 2012) and substance using populations, including cigarette smokers (Hogan et al, 2015; Farris, Zvolensky, Otto, & Leyro, 2015; Perkins, Geidgowd, Karelitz, Conklin, & Lerman, 2012) and smokers who are also heavy drinkers (Kahler et al, 2015). This sex-difference has also been found in other behavioral distress intolerance tasks among cigarette smokers (e.g., persistence during a carbon-dioxide challenge; Brown et al, 2002).…”