The Role of Extracellular Vesicles as Allies of HIV, HCV and SARS Viruses

Giannessi, Flavia; Aiello, Alessandra; Franchi, Francesca; Percario, Zulema Antonia; Affabris, Elisabetta

doi:10.3390/v12050571

Cited by 42 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 173 publications

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“…During cellular infection, some viruses may use this machinery by packing viral proteins and RNA into vesicles that are later released to the extracellular space, thereby contributing to the spread of the virus to non-infected cells [10]. This has been shown for HIV [39] but has not yet been elucidated for coronaviruses [40]. Another is their heterogeneity, since EVs are diverse in origin, size, composition, and functional characteristics; therefore, the choice of their source for therapeutic use should be carefully elaborated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 and Extracellular Vesicles: An Intriguing Interplay

Pócsfalvi

Mammadova

Juarez

et al. 2020

Kidney Blood Press Res

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Background: The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome β-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the potential to become a long-lasting global health crisis. The number of people infected with the novel coronavirus has surpassed 22 million globally, resulting in over 700,000 deaths with more than 15 million people having recovered (https://covid19.who.int). Enormous efforts are underway for rapid vaccine and treatment developments. Amongst the many ways of tackling the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging. Summary: EVs are lipid bilayer-enclosed structures secreted from all types of cells, including those lining the respiratory tract. They have established roles in lung immunity and are involved in the pathogenesis of various lung diseases, including viral infection. In this review, we point out the roles and possible contribution of EVs in viral infections, as well as ongoing EV-based approaches for the treatment of COVID-19, including clinical trials. Key Messages: EVs share structural similarities to viruses and recent findings demonstrate that viruses exploit EVs for cellular exit and EVs exploit viral entry mechanisms for cargo delivery. Moreover, EV-virus interplay could be exploited for future antiviral drug and vaccine development. EV-based therapies, especially the mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs, are being intensively studied for the treatment of COVID-19.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 and Extracellular Vesicles: An Intriguing Interplay

Pócsfalvi

Mammadova

Juarez

et al. 2020

Kidney Blood Press Res

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“…Similar considerations also apply to the EVs released during coronavirus infection. EVs are lipid bilayer-enclosed structures released by cells into the extracellular environment, which can be divided into three subgroups: exosomes (30–150 nm), microvesicles (50–1,000 nm) and apoptotic bodies (50 nm to 5 μm) (Giannessi et al, 2020 ). It has been shown that infections caused by HIV and HCV induce the release of EVs to create a proviral environment, but the relationship between coronaviruses and EVs is not fully characterized (Giannessi et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EVs are lipid bilayer-enclosed structures released by cells into the extracellular environment, which can be divided into three subgroups: exosomes (30–150 nm), microvesicles (50–1,000 nm) and apoptotic bodies (50 nm to 5 μm) (Giannessi et al, 2020 ). It has been shown that infections caused by HIV and HCV induce the release of EVs to create a proviral environment, but the relationship between coronaviruses and EVs is not fully characterized (Giannessi et al, 2020 ). In one study, overexpressed SARS-CoV S protein was not readily detected in the pelleted exosomes, unless the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains were replaced by those of VSV-G (Kuate et al, 2007 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In theory, some of the VLPs can be separated from infectious virions using density gradient ultracentrifugation. But due to their remarkable resemblance, there is no reliable method to completely separate infectious particles from contaminating VLPs and EVs (Giannessi et al, 2020 ). Therefore, the supernatant RLU value measured in this study only serves as a quick surrogate readout of the IBV replication level, and the number of infectious particles has to be determined by assays like TCID50 or plaque assay.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of HiBiT-Tagged Recombinant Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus for Efficient in vitro and in vivo Viral Quantification

et al. 2020

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Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped (+) ssRNA viruses of veterinary and medical importance. Because recombinant CoVs with reporter proteins fused with viral proteins are usually non-viable or unstable, a small and quantifiable epitope tag would be beneficial to CoV research. In this study, we integrated the NanoLuc Binary Technology to the reverse genetics of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a prototypic gammacoronavirus. The 11-amino-acid HiBiT tag was inserted to the spike (S) or membrane (M) protein, and the recombinant IBVs (rS-HiBiT and rM-HiBiT) were characterized. Compared with the rIBV-p65 control, rS-HiBiT exhibited comparable growth kinetics, whereas rM-HiBiT replicated slightly slower. The levels of HiBiT-tagged S and M proteins in the infected cells or the culture supernatant could be both rapidly (~15 min) and efficiently (30 μL sample volume) determined using the HiBiT luminescence assay. Notably, replication of the HiBiT-tagged IBV could be monitored continuously in an infected chicken embryo, and rS-HiBiT was genetically stable for at least 20 passages. By integrating the HiBiT tagging system with CoV reverse genetics, this new reporter system may facilitate future study of CoV replication and pathogenesis.

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“…Human host factor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified, during the first coronavirus epidemic, as the receptor for the SARS causing coronavirus [ 129 ]. ACE2 and the DC-SIGN family of receptors bind the S protein, mediating coronavirus entry to target cells [ 125 ].…”

Section: Role Of Evs In the Pathogenesis Of Viral Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis of Viral Infections in Humans

Caobi

Nair

Raymond

2020

Viruses

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Most cells can release extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane vesicles containing various proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, and signaling molecules. The exchange of EVs between cells facilitates intercellular communication, amplification of cellular responses, immune response modulation, and perhaps alterations in viral pathogenicity. EVs serve a dual role in inhibiting or enhancing viral infection and pathogenesis. This review examines the current literature on EVs to explore the complex role of EVs in the enhancement, inhibition, and potential use as a nanotherapeutic against clinically relevant viruses, focusing on neurotropic viruses: Zika virus (ZIKV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Overall, this review's scope will elaborate on EV-based mechanisms, which impact viral pathogenicity, facilitate viral spread, and modulate antiviral immune responses.

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The Role of Extracellular Vesicles as Allies of HIV, HCV and SARS Viruses

Cited by 42 publications

References 173 publications

COVID-19 and Extracellular Vesicles: An Intriguing Interplay

COVID-19 and Extracellular Vesicles: An Intriguing Interplay

Development of HiBiT-Tagged Recombinant Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus for Efficient in vitro and in vivo Viral Quantification

Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis of Viral Infections in Humans

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