The role of GLUT1 immunostaining in the diagnosis and classification of liver vascular tumors in children

Hepatic hemangiomas: subtype classification and development of a clinical practice algorithm and registry

“…In discussion with the radiologists involved in the original publications, we reviewed the clinical, radiologic, and histologic findings (when available). We supplemented this critical review of these 2 studies with analysis of 5 histopathologic studies of liver tumors and hemangiomas and 2 studies investigating the correlation between cutaneous and extracutaneous hemangiomas to refine our understanding of our proposed categories [14,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Based on this analysis, we speculated that IHH comprised 3 subtypes: focal, multifocal, and diffuse, with each category demonstrating distinctive imaging, pathologic, and physiologic features permitting prediction of its biologic behavior and natural history that could be used to guide management.…”

“…We believe that these focal tumors are the hepatic form of the cutaneous rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma, a hypervascular lesion most frequently located on the scalp or extremities and that regresses in an accelerated fashion by 12 to 14 months of age [27,28]. As in cutaneous rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma, focal hepatic hemangioma does not stain positive for Glut-1, a marker of common IHs [20][21][22]26]. Focal hemangioma variably demonstrates the presence of high-flow shunts (arteriovenous or portovenous) (Fig.…”

“…These lesions undergo the typical course of involution of cutaneous IHs. Like typical cutaneous IHs, multifocal hepatic hemangiomas demonstrate Glut-1 immunoreactivity [20][21][22]26]. …”

Differential diagnosis and management of liver tumors in infants

“…In 2007, Christison-Lagay et al [3] from Vascular Anomalies Center in Boston Children's Hospital postulated three principal categories of HH (focal, multifocal, and diffuse) and a clinical practice algorithm. These lesions share the same patterns of growth, histological findings and involution as their cutaneous counterparts, the infantile hemangioma (IH) and the Rapidly Involuting Congenital Hemangioma (RICH) [4][5][6] . Focal hemangioma seems to correspond with a RICH, a vascular tumor completed formed at birth with no postnatal growth in which involution is normally observed in the first 12-18 mo after birth.…”

GLUT-1 expression in mesenchymal tumors: an immunohistochemical study of 247 soft tissue and bone neoplasms

“…In mesenchymal neoplasms, expression of GLUT-1 has been shown to be a constant feature of juvenile capillary hemangiomas, where its expression is useful in the discrimination of such tumors from various mimics, such as vascular malformations and kaposiform hemangioendothelioma [8][9][10][11]. GLUT-1 expression has also been noted in a subset of soft tissue perineuriomas, consistent with its expression in normal perineurium [12][13][14].…”