The role of hydrogen in the optimal design of off-grid hybrid renewable energy systems

Marocco, Paolo; Ferrero, Domenico; Lanzini, Andrea; Santarelli, Massimo

doi:10.1016/j.est.2021.103893

Cited by 108 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

“…Furthermore, by comparing our research with similar past works, 117 it seems that the suggested optimal HHRES is providing better results in both economical 118,119 and environmental terms. 120 On the other hand, there are research works that have led to higher costs and environmental outcomes than this study. 121,122 Although regardless of the project's scale, both past and this study prove that the introduction of HHRES 123,124 is a huge leap forward into a greener 125 and more sustainable world.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

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Introducing the cold‐ironing technique and a hydrogen‐based hybrid renewable energy system into ports

Sifakis

Vichos

Smaragdakis

et al. 2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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Summary Natural resources’ unexpected nature makes renewable energy sources’ power supply irregular and inflexible; weather conditions are impossible to be predicted. Energy storage systems are required to balance this green power supply and ensure both off‐grid and autonomous infrastructures' stability and reliability. Various energy storage technologies are available, but the high initial capital cost and the uncertainty regarding future cost and performance are critical bottlenecks for possible investors. Batteries are the most common energy storage means, while hydrogen storage is one of the least used options. This research attempts to conduct a comparative technoeconomic analysis between a hybrid renewable energy power plant combined with a hydrogen energy storage system and the implementation of the cold‐ironing technique. The test bed is the port of Milos, which is a Mediterranean island port. Thirteen scenarios were conceptualized, simulated, and assessed after examining and assessing the existing methods and technology using MATLAB and Homer Pro software. The economy of scale plays its role in this aspect as hydrogen storage systems' cost has been proven to be lower for larger infrastructures. Indicatively, the levelized cost of energy is significantly reduced for the two optimal scenarios, as there is a 41.3% decrease for the non‐cold‐ironing case and a 33.4% decrease for the cold‐ironing one. Moreover, the carbon footprint for the suggested systems of all the examined scenarios is almost diminished, paving the way forward for turning the port into a nearly Zero Energy Port. This study also helps to comprehend the technoeconomic characteristics of hydrogen‐based hybrid renewable energy systems for supporting the cold‐ironing technique. HIGHLIGHTS A systematic methodology is presented to introduce the cold‐ironing technique to a small Mediterranean port; Hydrogen‐based renewable energy systems are a sustainable and feasible solution toward the nZEP concept; An optimally sized hybrid renewable energy system guarantees the unhampered 24‐h port's operation; The suggested hybrid systems are capable of covering the port's energy needs fully even if the cold ironing is incorporated.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Introducing the cold‐ironing technique and a hydrogen‐based hybrid renewable energy system into ports

Sifakis

Vichos

Smaragdakis

et al. 2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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“…Jansen et al 9 developed a hybrid regenerative hydrogen fuel cell based energy storage system for remote telecom towers. Marocco et al 10 studied the potential use of hydrogen and battery in the off‐grid renewable energy systems and found that hydrogen allows the battery and renewable power plant not to be oversized. Fokkema et al 11 researched the use of hydrogen storage for profit‐maximizing strategy for renewable energy producers in remote areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and comparative evaluation of integrated solar‐driven off‐grid energy systems with hydrogen production and storage options for sustainable buildings

Erdemir

Dinçer

2023

Energy Storage

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This study presents the development of a new solar energy‐based integrated system where hydrogen production, storage, and power generation and heat storage subsystems are designed in a combined manner to meet the energy demands of multiple buildings in a community. It is also comprehensively analyzed and assessed under various criteria comparatively. A comprehensive study is established for a community with 80 156 residential buildings in Southern Ontario, Canada. Solar‐driven three different cases are investigated, which cover (i) solar energy and grid‐assisted, (ii) solar energy‐driven system integrated with hydrogen subsystems, and (iii) solar‐driven system integrated with hydrogen subsystems and heat storage for both heating and cooling purposes. The studied cases are assessed over the energy and exergy efficiencies. The results of this study indicate that it is possible to achieve solar‐driven and off‐grid operating conditions with hydrogen and heat storage systems. Only about 15% of the energy demand can be met by solar energy without any energy storage options (Case 1). Case 2 shows that it can be achieved off‐grid solar energy system with 1100 MWp of solar power plant capacity with the integration of hydrogen as an energy storage option. In the case of using hydrogen and heat storage together, off‐grid operating conditions can be reached with 750 MWp of power plant capacity. The heat storage integration helps reduce the capacity of the photovoltaic power plant by 32%. Furthermore, hydrogen and heat storage options are needed to cover both cooling and heating demands simultaneously to provide sustainable buildings.

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“…In conclusion, this approach preferentially relies on the battery for both energy storage and supply by minimizing the use of the less energy-efficient hydrogen loop. Despite its simplicity, the B1st approach has been widely and successfully adopted in many similar setups [4,5,6,7]. Certain variations to the main idea of the B1st strategy have also been proposed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A battery-to-electrolyzer pathway for energy management in a hybrid battery/hydrogen microgrid

Ahmad,

Iamarino,

D’Angola

2023

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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A RES-based microgrid with two simultaneous storage options - battery and hydrogen - is considered. While the battery pack serves as a short-term storage solution, the hydrogen-cycle (consisting of an electrolyzer, a hydrogen pressurized tank and a fuel cell stack) provides for a long-term (seasonal) storage in order to improve the system resilience and to allow off-grid operation for longer time. With respect to the most classical energy management approach, where energy is transferred either from PV to battery (as the priority transfer) or from PV to electrolyzer, the novel strategy adopted in this paper also adds the possibility of a battery-to-electrolyzer energy conversion route. This route is enabled whenever the energy stored in the battery is expected to overcome the estimated short-term energy needs. The novel strategy reveals significant potential to increase the hydrogen production during the summer months, by redirecting to the electrolyzer part of the excess energy that would be otherwise curtailed or transferred to an external grid. Application of the strategy during autumn and winter time reveals on the contrary a clear worsening of the microgrid performance and should be avoided.

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The role of hydrogen in the optimal design of off-grid hybrid renewable energy systems

Cited by 108 publications

References 48 publications

Introducing the cold‐ironing technique and a hydrogen‐based hybrid renewable energy system into ports

Introducing the cold‐ironing technique and a hydrogen‐based hybrid renewable energy system into ports

Development and comparative evaluation of integrated solar‐driven off‐grid energy systems with hydrogen production and storage options for sustainable buildings

A battery-to-electrolyzer pathway for energy management in a hybrid battery/hydrogen microgrid

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