The role of hydropower in meeting Turkey's electric energy demand

Energy is an essential factor in overall efforts to achieve sustainable development. Countries striving to this end are seeking to reassess their energy systems with a view toward planning energy programs and strategies in line with sustainable development goals and objectives. Turkey's demand for energy and electricity is increasing rapidly. Since 1990, energy consumption has increased at an annual average rate of 4.3%. Turkey is heavily dependent on expensive imported energy resources that place a big burden on the economy and air pollution is becoming a great environmental concern in the country. As would be expected, the rapid expansion of energy production and consumption has brought with it a wide range of environmental issues at the local, regional and global levels. With respect to global environmental issues, Turkey's carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions have grown along with its energy consumption. States have played a leading role in protecting the environment by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions for clean and sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey's geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these renewable energy sources. This article presents a review of the potential and utilization of the renewable energy sources in Turkey.

Section: Hydropowermentioning

confidence: 99%

Renewable Energy Sources for Sustainable Development in Turkey

Çomaklı

Kaya²,

Şahin

2008

“…Turkey's annual per capita energy use, about 60 gigajoules in 2002, is projected to triple by 2020. However, experience elsewhere suggests that this growth is unlikely, at least over such a long period (IEA, 2001;Kaygusuz, 2004;Yüksek et al, 2006). Industrial energy demand is expected to represent about 54% of total consumption in 2020, consistent with the rapid industrialization expected over that period.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Turkey has limited reserves of oil and natural gas, but has proven reserves of lignite on the order of 8.4 billion tons. The nation also possesses renewables, especially wood and hydropower (Kaygusuz and Türker, 2002;Kaygusuz, 2001b;Yüksek et al, 2006). Natural gas production and use in Turkey began in 1976.…”

Section: Energy and Emissions Profilementioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Utilization, Renewables and Climate Change Mitigation in Turkey

Yüksel

2008

Self Cite

The burning of fossil fuels emits greenhouse gases (GHGs), especially CO 2 , possibly causing climate change. Environmentally friendly energy development has enormous implications for developing countries as major emitters due to their rapid economic and population growth. This paper presents an overview of Turkey's efforts to reduce GHG emissions by reforming energy pricing, promoting energy efficiency, and using renewable energy sources. With some possible options, the paper concludes that the reduction of emissions can only be achieved when policies are supportive and well targeted, standards and incentives are realistic and flexible, and the public is actively responsive to environmental degradation. Turkey's high rate of energy-related carbon emissions growth is expected to accelerate, with emissions climbing from 57 million tons in 2000 to almost 210 million tons in 2020. Carbon intensity in Turkey is higher than the western developed national average. Energy-intensive, inefficient industries remain under government control with soft budged constraints, contributing to undisciplined energy use in Turkey.

“…These are being built as Autoproducer or Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) models by the private sector (DSI, 2005). Turkey's hydropower potential can meet 33-46% of energy demand and this hydropower potential can be easily developed (Yuksek et al, 2005). It is expected that Turkey private investment sector in SHP has been booming in 2005.…”

Section: Outlook To Large and Small Hydropower Capacity Of Turkeymentioning

confidence: 99%

Electricity Generation from Existing Multipurpose Dams in Turkey

Bakış

2005

The aim of this article is to investigate the hydropower potential of multipurpose dams constructed with the purpose of supplying irrigation, domestic water supply, flood control, navigation, recreation, sanitation, and wildlife conservation but not for electricity generation in Turkey. One of the functions of multipurpose dams is to produce electricity when released water from the reservoir. More than 1175 dams in various sizes and types have been constructed so far in Turkey and according to the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) definition, 555 dams have already been in operation by 2005. At the present research, out of 1175 dams, 78 multipurpose dams with an installed capacity less than 20 MW still in operation can be rehabilitated as small hydropower facilities. For this purpose, existing 78 of multipurpose dams which do not generate electricity so far have been investigated. By using these existing multipurpose dams, only minor new civil works and ready-to-use turbine generator are required, which reduces the cost of electricity generation. It has been calculated that the electricity generation using this potential is 1090.89 GWh/yr with 287.83 MW installed capacity. This potential will add an important monetary value to Turkish economy.