“…Moving on, research on indigenous social protection systems known variously with terms like "informal" "traditional", "community-based" and "non-state" systemsas the neglected half of formal social protection in Africa has only gained attention in recent years (Patel et al, 2012;Dafuleya, 2018;Noyoo and Boon, 2018;Mokomane et al, 2021). For example, researchers and policy-makers from Southern and Western Africa assembled in 2016, at an International Workshop in Johannesburg, South Africa and deliberated on the state of these indigenous systems, contending that they should constitute an important basis for the formulation of public policies in Africa.…”