The Role of Macrophages in the Host’s Defense against Sporothrix schenckii

Abstract

The role of immune cells associated with sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii is not yet fully clarified. Macrophages through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of Sporothrix, engulf it, activate respiratory burst, and secrete pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory biological mediators to control infection. It is important to consider that the characteristics associated with S. schenckii and/or the host may influence macrophage polarization (M1/M2), cell recruitment, and the type of immune response (1, 2, and 17). Currently, with the use of new monocyte-macrophage cell lines, it is possible to evaluate different host–pathogen interaction processes, which allows for the proposal of new mechanisms in human sporotrichosis. Therefore, in order to contribute to the understanding of these host–pathogen interactions, the aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the immune responses induced by macrophage-S. schenckii interactions, as well as the PRRs and PAMPs involved during the recognition of S. schenckii that favor the immune evasion by the fungus.

Human sporotrichosis: recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Dermatology for the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic management

“…mechanism to evade phagocytosis is ergosterol, a steroid present in the fungal membrane, which provides protection and prevents the destruction of the fungus by reactive oxygen species. 32 , 33 , 34 …”

Prevalence and resistance to gastrointestinal parasites in goats: A review

“…Interferon-gamma is a cytokine involved in the host’s response after an immune challenge by pathogen infection [ 135 ], revealing that it is a plausible practical candidate gene for GIP resistance [ 136 ]. Interferon-gamma triggers macrophages and detects, engulfs, and destroys pathogens [ 135 ]. A polymorphism in the region near IFN-γ has been linked to increased parasite-specific plasma IgA in sheep and reduced FECs [ 102 ].…”

“…A polymorphism in the region near IFN-γ has been linked to increased parasite-specific plasma IgA in sheep and reduced FECs [ 102 ]. Plasma IgA production results due to responses to external peptide molecules, such as those derived from GIPs [ 135 ]. Hence, polymorphism resulting in the differentiated expression or receptor-binding affinity of IFN-γ may affect extracellular parasite resistance.…”

Virulence Factors of Sporothrix schenckii

“…The known host immune mechanism against the main S. schenckii virulence factors have been thoroughly reviewed elsewhere, for which they will be not discussed herein. Garcia-Carnero et al (2018) [ 1 ] and Ruiz-Baca et al (2021) [ 12 ] offer a broad and in-depth summary of the immune response induced by S. schenckii.…”