The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease characterized by inadequate or absent insulin production due to the autoimmune destruction of beta (β) cells in the pancreas. It was once called "juvenile diabetes" since the disease frequently occurs in children, but it can also develop in adults. According to the International Diabetes Federation, an estimated 700 million adults will suffer from diabetes by 2045. Although the exact cause of diabetes remains unknown, it is hypothesized that genetic factors, environmental factors, and exposure to certain viruses play a role in the development of T1D. To date, exogenous insulin is the most common treatment for T1D. However, it is not a cure for the disease. Islet cell transplantation and pancreatic transplantation are two additional treatments that have gained popularity in recent years, but their clinical application may be limited by the need for high doses of immunosuppressants, the rarity of human cadaveric islets, and the need for extensive surgery in pancreatic transplantation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a highly promising novel treatment for T1D and their discovery has advanced biological sciences by allowing for modification of cell fate and the development of higher-order cellular structures. They play an essential role in lowering levels of fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c, and C-peptide, and in treating microvascular complications associated with T1D. However, some of the disadvantages of its use in clinical practice are limited to its method of collection, proliferation rate, cell activity with age, and the risk of tumour formation identified in some studies. Large-scale studies are required to discover the mechanism of action of MSCs after administration as well as the optimal route, dose, and timing to maximize the benefits to patients. This article focuses primarily on the role of MSCs in the treatment of T1D and compares the feasibility, benefits, and drawbacks of MSCs in the treatment of T1D.

Chitosan hydrogel nanoparticle enhance therapeutic effect of bovine umbilical mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium on canine cognitive dysfunction or canine alzheimer’s like mediated by inhibition of neuronal apoptotic

“…Research has demonstrated the capacity of MSC to change into different categories of skin cells, clusters of islet-like cells, and renal epithelial cells ( Brasile et al ., 2019 ; Jo et al ., 2021 ; Jayasinghe et al ., 2022 ). These three studies are merely a few illustrations of the substantial amount of information that has been gathered in the past ten years, which supports the potency of MSC to transdifferentiate when transplanted in vivo.…”

Novel lipid mediator 7S,14R-docosahexaenoic acid: biogenesis and harnessing mesenchymal stem cells to ameliorate diabetic mellitus and retinal pericyte loss

“…MSCs can generate many bioactive factors, such as TGF-α, HGF, IDO, PGE 2 , which play important roles in modulating immuno-cell functions, such as inhibiting T cell proliferation, dendritic cell activation, and inflammatory cytokine generation ( Soleymaninejadian et al, 2012 ; Jiang and Xu, 2020 ). On the basis of generation immunomodulating factors, MSCs inhibit the onset of type 1 diabetes and reverse β-cell functions ( Vija et al, 2009 ; Jayasinghe et al, 2022 ). However, type 2 diabetes is different from type 1 diabetes, and immunomodulating functions may not be the reason for MSCs repairing damaged β-cells in type 2 diabetes.…”

A Supportive Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Insulin-Producing Langerhans Islets with a Specific Emphasis on The Secretome

“…To maintain adequate blood glucose levels, T1D patients need exogenous insulin administration in the form of subcutaneous injections. Alternative treatments include islet cell transplantation or whole pancreas transplantation, which requires subsequent immunosuppressive therapy [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ]. Up to 80% of the transplanted islets are lost before becoming integrated into tissue due to acute inflammatory responses and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNFα, and IFNγ [ 9 , 48 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ].…”

“…Alternative treatments include islet cell transplantation or whole pancreas transplantation, which requires subsequent immunosuppressive therapy [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ]. Up to 80% of the transplanted islets are lost before becoming integrated into tissue due to acute inflammatory responses and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNFα, and IFNγ [ 9 , 48 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ]. The success of islet transplantation is also challenged by allo-immune graft rejection and recurrence of autoimmunity [ 58 , 59 , 60 ].…”

“…They can differentiate into various cell types, including osteocytes, adipocytes, chondrocytes, endothelial cells, and myocytes [ 61 ]. Their low immunogenicity, together with immunosuppressive properties, has made MSCs a promising therapeutic tool for various autoimmune diseases, including T1D [ 48 ]. Several studies have shown that MSCs, by virtue of their immunomodulatory and pro-angiogenetic effects, can attenuate immune responses and enhance islet engraftment following transplantation [ 62 , 63 ].…”