The Role of Metabolic Remodeling in Macrophage Polarization and Its Effect on Skeletal Muscle Regeneration

Abstract

Manipulating the metabolism to redirect macrophage polarization might be useful in various pathologies, including an efficient skeletal muscle regeneration. Unraveling the complexity pertaining to metabolic signatures that are specific for the different macrophage subsets is crucial for identifying new compounds that are able to trigger macrophage polarization and that might be used for therapeutical purposes.

Overview of RAW264.7 for osteoclastogensis study: Phenotype and stimuli

“…76 104 Otherwise, based on the micro-environment, macrophages play increasingly defined roles in orchestrating the healing of various damaged tissues and show high heterogeneity, plasticity and adaptation abilities. 76 104 Otherwise, based on the micro-environment, macrophages play increasingly defined roles in orchestrating the healing of various damaged tissues and show high heterogeneity, plasticity and adaptation abilities.…”

“…76 104 Otherwise, based on the micro-environment, macrophages play increasingly defined roles in orchestrating the healing of various damaged tissues and show high heterogeneity, plasticity and adaptation abilities. 104 During this process, macrophage changing their morphologies by cellular fusion, further formed into multinucleated giant cells (MGCs), which bear the function for engulf and digestion. 104 During this process, macrophage changing their morphologies by cellular fusion, further formed into multinucleated giant cells (MGCs), which bear the function for engulf and digestion.…”

“…76 Macrophages (Mφ or M0) are inflammatory cells with high capacity for engulfing and digesting pathogens and cell debris. 104 Otherwise, based on the micro-environment, macrophages play increasingly defined roles in orchestrating the healing of various damaged tissues and show high heterogeneity, plasticity and adaptation abilities. 105,106 Specifically, during the inflammatory osteoclastogenesis, in response to multiple signals or cytokines, macrophages might differentiate into different types of multinucleated cells to internalize the large amounts of un-necessaries such as strong inflammatory induced host cells, and wear debris, which originally from orthopedic instruments.…”

“…105,106 Specifically, during the inflammatory osteoclastogenesis, in response to multiple signals or cytokines, macrophages might differentiate into different types of multinucleated cells to internalize the large amounts of un-necessaries such as strong inflammatory induced host cells, and wear debris, which originally from orthopedic instruments. 104 During this process, macrophage changing their morphologies by cellular fusion, further formed into multinucleated giant cells (MGCs), which bear the function for engulf and digestion. 104 In fact, osteoclasts are one of MGC cells, which are attached tightly to the bone surface, and secrete protons and lysosomal enzymes for bone resorption.…”

“…104 During this process, macrophage changing their morphologies by cellular fusion, further formed into multinucleated giant cells (MGCs), which bear the function for engulf and digestion. 104 In fact, osteoclasts are one of MGC cells, which are attached tightly to the bone surface, and secrete protons and lysosomal enzymes for bone resorption.…”