The role of occlusion and micro-incontinence in the pathogenesis of penile lichen sclerosus: an observational study of pro-inflammatory cytokines’ gene expression

Czajkowski, Mateusz; Wierzbicki, Piotr M.; Kotulak-Chrząszcz, Anna; Czajkowska, Katarzyna; Bolcewicz, M; Kłącz, Jakub; Kreft, K; Lewandowska, A; Nedoszytko, Bogusław; Sokołowska‐Wojdyło, Małgorzata; Kmieć, Zbigniew; Nowicki, Roman; Matuszewski, Marcin

doi:10.1007/s11255-022-03130-7

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…20% decrease of IL-6 and INF-γ in Zoon balanitis at the mRNA levels in comparison to the healthy controls. Contrary, in lichen sclerosus the mRNA expression of IL-1A, INF-γ, and IL-6 was increased, as observed in our previous report [23]. We suppose, that if ZB was accompanied by LS or a penile cancer in studied 4 cases, the level of the analyzed proinflammatory cytokines should be increased.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 40%

Zoon’s Balanitis as a Separate Type of Balanitis with the Characteristic Pattern of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Expression

Czajkowski,

Czajkowska,

Wierzbicki

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Zoon balanitis (ZB) is a mild and chronic inflammatory dermatosis that mostly affects uncircumcised men of middle and old age. The etiology of this disease remains unknown. Moreover, some authors have questioned the presence of this type of balanitis. Our study aimed to assess the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in ZB and demonstrate the presence of a characteristic expression pattern, different from that reported in the literature for penile lichen sclerosus(LS) and penile cancer. Skin biopsies from four foreskins affected by Zoon’s balanitis with surrounding morphologically unchanged skin and 13 from nonlesional foreskins (healthy control adult males undergoing circumcision) were obtained. RNA was extracted from each biopsy, followed by quantitative assessment of the gene expression of interleukin 1-A(IL-1A), interleukin 1-B(IL-1B),interleukin 1 receptor antagonist(IL-1RN),interleukin 6(IL-6), transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1), and interferon-gamma(INF-γ). The decreased level of IL-1A mRNA was observed in Zoon’s balanitis in both inflamed and healthy skin compared to control samples. There were no statistically significant differences in other investigated cytokines gene expression between Zoon’s balanitis and the control group. In conclusion, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines was not related to the course of zoon balanitis. Moreover, in the case of IL-1A, we observed the suppression of the immune response.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 40%

Zoon’s Balanitis as a Separate Type of Balanitis with the Characteristic Pattern of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Expression

Czajkowski,

Czajkowska,

Wierzbicki

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…To explain this phenomenon, we are reminded that LSc is of unclear etiology and is rather multifactorial. Multiple papers have already postulated that the etiology of LSc is probably the irritable effects of urine [ 15 , 16 ]. In our case, we would like to emphasize two suspected hypotheses: autoimmunity and vascular compromise of smaller terminal vessels [ 17 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Potential Protective Effect of Alcohol Consumption in Male Genital Lichen Sclerosus: A Case-Control Study

Khoury

Andraos

Kanbar

et al. 2023

Advances in Urology

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Introduction and Objectives. Lichen sclerosus (LSc) is a chronic inflammatory process of the skin characterized by its unique histological features. It affects men and women of all ages, mainly in the anogenital area. The etiologies and exact pathophysiology are not well-known; however, LSc can be considered a precursor to male genital squamous cell carcinoma. We aim, through this case-control study, to potentially associate genital LSc with risk factors and certain patient characteristics in Lebanese adult males. Materials and Methods. A nested case-control study design was chosen. Subjects enrolled were adult male patients who had a circumcision between January 2010 and December 2020 at our university hospital, with a confirmed LSc diagnosis on pathology. Cases were matched with controls by age with a ratio of 1 : 1, all of whom were circumcised and had a negative pathology report. Data collection consisted of sociodemographic, behavioral, and past medical and familial history characteristics. Results. A total of 94 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 49.81 (±22.92) in the group of men with LSc. No significant differences in sociodemographic characteristics (age and BMI) were found between the two compared groups. Smoking cannot predict LSc as opposed to alcohol consumption, which we found to be a protective factor against the appearance of LSc ( p = 0.027 ). Men with LSc had significantly higher rates of diabetes ( p = 0.021 ) and hypertension ( p = 0.004 ). No associations were found between LSc and the presenting chief complaints, family history of LSc, and past penile trauma. Conclusion. In this study, we were able to compare multiple variables between 47 circumcised patients diagnosed with LSc and a control group. We found that LSc patients showed higher rates of diabetes and hypertension. A potential protective effect of alcohol consumption is to be explored in future projects with bigger sample sizes and higher statistical powers.

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“…NF-κB1 and NF-κB2 take part in stimulating the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines [ 6 ]. Additionally, pro-inflammatory cytokines are overexpressed in penile lichen sclerosus, which is considered as a risk factor for penile cancer [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression in Penile Cancer: Preliminary Studies

Czajkowski,

Wierzbicki,

Kotulak-Chrząszcz

et al. 2023

Medicina

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Background and Objectives: Penile cancer is a rare neoplasm in developed countries with an incidence of 0.8/100,000 per male inhabitant. Despite the development of personalized medicine and multimodal treatment, the outcome of penile cancer treatment is insufficient. Our study aimed to assess the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines’ mRNA such as interleukin 1-A (encoded by IL1A gene, alias IL-1A), interleukin 1-B (IL1B, IL-1B), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN, IL-1RN), interleukin 6 (IL6, IL-6), transforming growth factor β1 (TGFB1, TGFβ-1), and Interferon-gamma (INFG, INF-γ) in penile cancer tissue and associate them with tumor progression and patient survival. Material and Methods: Skin biopsies from patients suffering from penile cancer (n = 6) and unchanged foreskin from 13 healthy adult males undergoing circumcision due to a short frenulum were obtained. Pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels were quantified through qPCR. Results: We observed higher expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-6, INF-γ, TGF-β) in penile cancer tissue. The average follow-up period was 48 months (range: 38–54 months), during which only one penile tumor progression was observed However, this was without association with the nature of tumor (patient refused radical treatment). Conclusions: This is the first study to show increased expression of cytokines such as IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-6, INF-γ, and TGF-β in penile cancer with positive correlation between TNM staging and INF-γ levels in tumor samples (rs = 0.672, p = 0.045), which may be associated with the immunosuppressive role of the tumor environment.

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The role of occlusion and micro-incontinence in the pathogenesis of penile lichen sclerosus: an observational study of pro-inflammatory cytokines’ gene expression

Cited by 7 publications

References 23 publications

Zoon’s Balanitis as a Separate Type of Balanitis with the Characteristic Pattern of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Expression

Zoon’s Balanitis as a Separate Type of Balanitis with the Characteristic Pattern of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Expression

A Potential Protective Effect of Alcohol Consumption in Male Genital Lichen Sclerosus: A Case-Control Study

Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression in Penile Cancer: Preliminary Studies

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