The role of oregano herb and its derivatives as immunomodulators in fish

Abstract

The motivation behind this article is to give point‐by‐point data about the beneficial applications of oregano feed supplement in fish diets as immunomodulators, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic. Use of this plant as feed additive plays an important role in the fish diet when compared to other synthetic feed additives. Oregano is rich in phytochemical compounds including carvacrol and thymol in addition to other phenolic compounds with antioxidant and immune‐enhancing activities. Origanum vulgare extract improved the immunological responses and enhanced non‐specific immunity. Also, non‐specific immunity and the lysosomal activity were significantly increased in rainbow trout fed diet enriched with 3.0 mL essential oil of Origanum onites L kg−1 diet for 60 days. Furthermore, non‐specific immune stimulant, antioxidant and nitric oxide activities were improved due to O. vulgare oil supplementation. In some recent studies, Origanum heracleoticum L essential oil as a growth enhancer increased the antioxidant status. In rainbow trout, the hepatic levels of antioxidant enzymes and the total antioxidant capacity increased by feeding diet enriched with 6 and 10 g kg−1 diet of O. vulgare extract. Therefore, the addition of oregano and/or derivatives as a dietary supplement in fish diet may promote growth and enhance the immunity and health of fish and this will be useful for nutritionists, physiologists and veterinarians.

Use of lemongrass essential oil as a feed additive in quail's nutrition: its effect on growth, carcass, blood biochemistry, antioxidant and immunological indices, digestive enzymes and intestinal microbiota

“…Natural antioxidants are widely distributed in medicinal plants, possessing various biological activities ( Abd El-Hack et al., 2020b ). Bioactive plant constituents have been related to favorable therapeutic effects and boosting the health and physiological status ( Elwan et al., 2019 ; Alagawany et al., 2020a , b , c ; Ismail et al., 2021 ). Plant oils are very good sources of natural antioxidants.…”

The Strategy of Boosting the Immune System Under the COVID-19 Pandemic

“…Phytogenic feed additives exert their favorable health improving effects owing to their content of active substances such as polyphenols and secondary metabolites. Polyphenols are found in vegetables, grains, fruits, and green and black tea in different parts of the plant (leaves, roots, flowers, seeds, and fruits) to protect the plant immune system against UV radiation and pests (141)(142)(143)(144)(145)(146)(147)(148)(149)(150)(151).…”

Phytogenic Bioactive Compounds Shape Fish Mucosal Immunity

“…Although they can be found worldwide, some representatives of this group of aromatic plants (i.e., oregano, thyme, basil, menthe, rosemary, sage, marjoram, garlic and onion, among others) are particularly present and traditionally consumed in the Mediterranean area and appreciated in terms of human nutrition and therapy (49,50). The health-promoting properties of these aromatic plants have been extensively reviewed in different aquaculture species (5,48,(51)(52)(53)(54)(55). However, most of the studies dealing with these functional feed additives were only focused in physiological or biochemical responses, but few of them have elucidated the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying their immunostimulatory capacity.…”

“…The health promoting effects of oregano, thyme and their derivates in fish have been recently reviewed (55,125). Concerning their impact upon fish mucosal immunity, several nutritional studies have described beneficial effects of phytogenics derived from oregano, thyme and other plants of the Lamiaceae family upon the mucosal tissues in several fish species (Table 1).…”