The Role of Passive Smoking in the Development of Bronchial Obstruction during the First 2 Years of Life

Nafstad, Per; Kongerud, Johny; Botten, Grete; Hagen, J. A.; Jaakkola, Jouni J. K.

doi:10.1097/00001648-199705000-00011

Cited by 67 publications

(54 citation statements)

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“…The eligibility criteria and data-collection procedures during the first 2 years of life and at the age of 4 years have been described in detail elsewhere. 13,33,34 During 2001-2002, we con-ducted a 10-year follow-up. A similar questionnaire to that used in the 4-year follow-up was mailed to the parents of the children for whom we succeeded to get a correct mailing address (n ϭ 3529).…”

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early Respiratory Infections, Asthma, and Allergy: 10-Year Follow-up of the Oslo Birth Cohort

et al. 2005

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ABSTRACT. Objective. It has been hypothesized that early infections protect against the development of atopic disease, but there have been few long-term follow-up studies. We estimated the associations between early respiratory infections and doctor-diagnosed asthma, allergic rhinitis, and skin-prick sensitization in children at 10 years of age in the Oslo Birth Cohort, established in 1992-1993. We also considered birth order and attendance at a child care center as proxy measures of increased exposure to infections early in life.Methods. A total of 2540 children were followed from birth to the age of 10 years. Experiences of respiratory infections were recorded in follow-up surveys at 6 and 12 months. At age 10, questions were asked about current symptoms of asthma and allergic rhinitis and about having ever received a doctor diagnosis for these diseases. A subsample (n ‫؍‬ 1740) of the cohort was tested for skinprick test reactivity.Results. Current asthma was related to lower respiratory tract infection (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 2.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.3-3.0) and croup (adjusted OR: 2.3; 95% confidence interval: 1.3-4.2) in the first year. ORs for allergic rhinitis and skin-prick sensitization were smaller but mainly positive. Birth order and child care attendance at age 1 year were not significantly associated with any of the studied outcomes.Conclusions. Early respiratory infections did not protect against the development of asthma, allergic rhinitis, or sensitization to common allergens during the first 10 years of life but increased the risk for asthma symptoms at age 10 in this population. H aving older siblings has been found to be inversely associated with asthma and other atopy-related disorders. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Some studies have also shown that these disorders are inversely associated with child care attendance outside the home, 6-10 whereas other studies have not been able to confirm these findings. 11-13 A common interpretation of these results has been that older siblings and child care attendance are indirect measures of earlylife infections and that early-life infections have a preventive effect on the development of atopic disorders. A number of studies have also assessed the relation between atopic disorders and direct measures of early-life infections, 11,13-23 but fewer have been able to do this prospectively. [13][14][15][18][19][20][21][22] Studies that have used direct measures of infections have shown less consistent results than the studies that have used indirect measures, and the inverse relation has often been restricted to subgroups of diseased individuals, mainly those with atopic predisposition. Furthermore, childhood asthma has been found to be more common in children who experienced at least 1 specific type of early respiratory infection, namely respiratory syncytial virus infection. [24][25][26][27] The inverse relation between early-life infections and the development of atopic disorders is supported by a plausible biological mechanism, according to which early-lif...

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Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Respiratory Infections, Asthma, and Allergy: 10-Year Follow-up of the Oslo Birth Cohort

et al. 2005

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“…This classification was decided upon by the authors on the basis of judgement in previous reviews [2,5,6,45,[75][76][77][78][79]. For some health outcomes, relevant evidence has been reported recently and, in these cases, more recent references have been included [46,47,[80][81][82].…”

Section: Health Effects Of Etsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include: the aim of the study; the health outcome of interest; the time-specificity of exposure; the resources available for the study; the size of the study population; and the motivation of the subjects to participate. The type of exposure assessment needed for public health studies aiming at description of distributions of exposure in populations over time, differs from that required for health effect studies focusing on specific relations between ETS exposure and different health Reduced lung growth in children [2,6,45] Increased risk for new asthma in children [6,81] Increased otitis media and middle ear effusion in children [2,6] Increased respiratory symptoms in adults [6,47,82] Increased risk for cardiovascular disease [77,78] Limited or controversial evidence Increased risk for sudden infant death [6] Prematurity [2] Long-term reduction in lung function in adults [6,45,46] Increased risk for nonrespiratory cancers and childhood leukemia [2,5] outcomes. Exposure assessment needs for health effect studies also differ depending on whether the aim is qualitative testing for an association between exposure and a health outcome, or quantitative estimation of effects of given exposure levels.…”

Section: Selection Of the Best Approach To Assess Exposure To Etsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke

Jaakkola¹,

Jaakkola²

1997

Eur Respir J

237

221

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Since the early 1980s, there has been growing concern about potential adverse health effects related to exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Evidence has accumulated on ill-health associated with ETS, and such exposure has now been documented among children and adults in many countries [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. A major difficulty in studying the ill-health effects of ETS has been assessing exposure, since this may occur in multiple settings with highly variable concentrations and exposure profiles may vary considerably during different age periods. Accurate and precise exposure assessment is crucial, since health effects of ETS are likely to be relatively small in magnitude. Appropriate exposure assessment is also needed for inferring causality and for risk assessment. In addition, exposure assessment is obviously necessary for development of preventive strategies.The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical framework for assessment of exposure to ETS, and to review current methods of exposure assessment in order to provide guidelines for choice of appropriate methods for different types of study. General definitions and concepts of exposure and its assessment will be presented, followed by definitions and components of ETS. The principles for assessment of ETS exposure will then be presented. Current methods of assessment will be reviewed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages, followed by a very brief summary of the ill-health effects of ETS. This allows the criteria for selection of the appropriate method of assessing ETS exposure to be set in context, and to be formulated as user guidelines. Definitions of concentration, exposure and dose ConcentrationConcentration is the amount of a contaminant at a particular location in a particular medium [9]. For example, for an air pollutant it is the amount of the material contained in a specified volume of air. Air pollutant concentrations are usually expressed as mass per unit volume, e.g. µg·m -3 , and gaseous pollutants may also be expressed as a mixing ratio with air, e.g. parts per million (ppm) by volume. Air pollutant concentrations vary in time and space. ExposureExposure is defined as the contact of pollutant with a susceptible surface of the human body [9][10][11]. For ETS, this means contact with the eyes, the epithelium of the nose, mouth and throat, and the lining of the airways and alveoli. With respect to time, there are a number of possible formulations, including instantaneous exposure, peak exposure, average exposure over a specified time period, and cumulative exposure [11]. The best approach to assess ETS exposure will depend on the aim of the study, the health outcome, and the resources. Personal monitoring of nicotine or RSPs is the best method in studies of short-term health effects with small study samples. Stationary measurements of indoor air nicotine or RSPs are suitable for overall monitoring of ETS in different microenvironments over time. Questionnaires and interviews are suitable when studying health outcomes ...

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“…The accurate assessment of fetal exposure to smoking through the objective measure of a biomarker could be of major importance for the investigation of the effects of preand postnatal environmental exposures to pollutants, including tobacco smoke, in the inception of respiratory diseases (Hanrahan et al, 1992;Nafstad et al, 1996Nafstad et al, , 1997Corbo et al, 1996;Lodrup Carlsen et al, 1997;Cook and Strachan, 1998;Strachan and Cook, 1998). Recently, we showed that cord serum cotinine resulted as the most adequate biomarker of fetal exposure to smoking at the end of pregnancy, distinguishing not only active smoking from passive smoking, but also exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) from nonexposure .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of chronic exposure to cigarette smoke and its change during pregnancy by segmental analysis of maternal hair nicotine

Pichini

Garcı́a-Algar

Muñoz

et al. 2003

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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This study aimed to investigate the association between biomarkers of fetal exposure to smoking during the whole pregnancy, nicotine in maternal and newborns hair samples, and quantitative measurement of smoking intake and exposure evaluated by maternal self-reported questionnaire. Study subjects were 150 mothers and their newborns from a hospital in Barcelona. A questionnaire including smoking habits was completed in the third trimester of pregnancy and on the day of delivery. Nicotine content was measured in two subsequent segments of maternal hair accounting for the first and last months of pregnancy, and in fetal hair. The geometric mean of nicotine concentration in maternal hair discriminated between nonexposition (3.84 and 2.80 ng/mg in distal and proximal hair segment, respectively) and exposition to cigarette smoke during pregnancy (6.06 and 4.30 ng/mg in distal and proximal hair segment, respectively) (Po0.05), and between these two classes and active smoking (14.40 and 11.08 ng/mg in distal and proximal hair segment, respectively). Maternal hair nicotine was able to differentiate levels of exposure to tobacco smoke and levels of intake. Nicotine concentration in hair from newborns did not differentiate between exposure and nonexposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in nonsmoking mothers. Finally, chronic exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy, assessed by maternal hair nicotine, correlated negatively with anthropometric parameters of newborns.

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The Role of Passive Smoking in the Development of Bronchial Obstruction during the First 2 Years of Life

Cited by 67 publications

References 12 publications

Early Respiratory Infections, Asthma, and Allergy: 10-Year Follow-up of the Oslo Birth Cohort

Early Respiratory Infections, Asthma, and Allergy: 10-Year Follow-up of the Oslo Birth Cohort

Assessment of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke

Assessment of chronic exposure to cigarette smoke and its change during pregnancy by segmental analysis of maternal hair nicotine

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