The role of physical activity and miRNAs in the vascular aging and cardiac health of dialysis patients

Abstract

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Flow-Responsive Noncoding RNAs in the Vascular System: Basic Mechanisms for the Clinician

“…LncRNA are able to exert an array of biological func tions, including: (1) regulation of DNA transcription by acting with a transcription facto (2) epigenetic silencing and repressing the histone modification via chromatin interaction (3) mRNA translation (4) post-translational regulation through miRNA sponges o circRNA, (5) scaffold of protein complex, (6) shorter ncRNAs (siRNA) generation (Figur 1B). Noncoding RNAs are largely involved in cardiovascular physiology, atherosclerosi [35], and multiple cardiovascular diseases [36], as chronic and acute coronary syndrome [6,[37][38][39][40][41], vascular remodeling [29,42], valvular heart disease [43][44][45][46][47], generation and pro gression of ectopic calcifications in the cardiovascular system [48][49][50][51][52][53][54], platelet functio [55][56][57][58][59], heart failure and stroke [60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70]. Evidence of the impact of flow conditions on cir culating ncRNA derives both from observations on pathological changes, such as cardia valve disease, vascular stenoses or aneurysm, but also from physiological conditions, suc as exercise [68].…”

“…This review focuses on regulatory noncoding RNAs that are directly or indirectl responsive to flow and their involvement with cardiovascular effects of altered bloo flow, with a focus on the potential clinical relevance and the underlying molecular mech anisms and their possible use as clinical biomarkers [71]. As relevant evidence is no equally available for all ncRNAs sub-categories, some specific ncRNAs, including siR NAs, snoRNA or piRNA are not mentioned in this review due to lack of evidence in rela Noncoding RNAs are largely involved in cardiovascular physiology, atherosclerosis [35], and multiple cardiovascular diseases [36], as chronic and acute coronary syndromes [6,[37][38][39][40][41], vascular remodeling [29,42], valvular heart disease [43][44][45][46][47], generation and progression of ectopic calcifications in the cardiovascular system [48][49][50][51][52][53][54], platelet function [55][56][57][58][59], heart failure and stroke [60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70]. Evidence of the impact of flow conditions on circulating ncRNA derives both from observations on pathological changes, such as cardiac valve disease, vascular stenoses or aneurysm, but also from physiological conditions, such as exercise…”

The Role of MicroRNAs in Proteostasis Decline and Protein Aggregation during Brain and Skeletal Muscle Aging

“…Recently, a group of studies explored the role of miR-206 during vascular (namely cardiac muscle) and skeletal muscle aging and homeostasis [ 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 ]. Augmented expression of miR-206 was linked to vascular aging, especially in individuals with arrhythmias, [ 74 ] and was also shown to inhibit the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and to promote atherosclerosis [ 72 , 73 ].…”

“…Muscle-enriched miRNAs, known as myo-miRNAs, such as miR-1 and miR-206, can regulate targets through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/FOXO pathway, which controls cell-cycle, proliferation, and differentiation processes in myocytes [ 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 ]. Recently, hemodialysis patients undergoing regular physical resistance training were shown to have lower levels of miR-206, which resulted in greater myogenesis and fewer cardiac calcifications, a hallmark of vascular aging [ 69 ].…”

“…Recently, hemodialysis patients undergoing regular physical resistance training were shown to have lower levels of miR-206, which resulted in greater myogenesis and fewer cardiac calcifications, a hallmark of vascular aging [ 69 ]. The authors concluded that, after regular training, downregulation of miR-206 possibly stimulates myogenesis through the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) binding and activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway [ 70 ]. Similarly, in human skeletal muscle, 26 miRNAs were identified to be regulated by age, exercise, or a combination of both, whereby nine of these miRNAs, namely miR-99a-5p, miR-99b-5p, miR-100-5p, miR-199a, and miR-196b-5p, have validated target sequences within the 3′ UTRs of the target genes involved in the Akt/mTOR-signaling pathway, such as mTOR, Akt, regulatory associated protein of MTOR complex 1 (RPTOR), and IGF1 [ 71 ].…”