The Role of Piping in the Development of Badlands

Faulkner, Hazel P.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813054-4.00006-x

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Unlike in humid and subhumid climates, salts in arid and semi-arid Mediterranean environments are barely leached from the soil and bedrock materials, since evapotranspiration largely exceeds precipitation during long periods of the year. Consequently, sodium remains largely active within the soil profile, providing fine-grained soil materials with dispersive behaviour and pipe-forming predisposition (Faulkner, 2018). In addition, concentration of scarce precipitation in high-intensity rainfall and soil surface cracking by high summer temperatures may also contribute to pipe development in dry abandoned terraces under arid and semi-arid Mediterranean conditions (Romero-Díaz et al, 2007).…”

Section: Environmental Patterns Of Terrace Stability After Land Abandonmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More interestingly, revegetation can also induce significant reductions in exchangeable sodium, helping to stabilize dispersive soil materials. However, the influence of subsurface soil layers containing high levels of exchangeable sodium and high hydraulic gradients imposed by the terrace morphology may strongly constrain the stabilizing effect of the described surface mitigation measures for abandoned terraces that are affected by deep vertical pipe development, where slope-channel coupling can be to a large extent reinstated (Faulkner, 2013(Faulkner, , 2018. Chaotic landform readjustment by aggressive piping is unlikely to be effectively controlled by mitigation measures in these extreme conditions.…”

Section: Land Management Considerations For Mediterranean Landscapes Affected By the Abandonment Of Traditional Agricultural Terracesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydro-geomorphological consequences of the abandonment of agricultural terraces in the Mediterranean region: Key controlling factors and landscape stability patterns

et al. 2019

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Traditional cultivation terraces are one of the most ancient and conspicuous agricultural landscapes in mountain and hilly regions of the Mediterranean basin.Spreading out from Asia, the first terraces in the Mediterranean region date from the Bronze Age and the classical Hellenic and Roman periods, reaching their greatest spatial extent during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Under optimum management, these systems contribute to the conservation of soil and water resources by increasing infiltration and decreasing sediment yield. However, traditional management and cultivation ceased on many terraced landscapes of the northern-shore Mediterranean countries during the twentieth century, with variable results. An extensive bibliographic review and meta-analysis was carried out to explore the main effects of land abandonment of Mediterranean agricultural terraces on local hydrological and geomorphological processes. Our results point to the development of vegetation cover and degradation of terraced structures (e.g., walls, terrace risers, channels) as the main critical factors controlling the hydrological behaviour (i.e., runoff production and hydrological connectivity) of abandoned terrace systems. Severe geomorphological problems, in the form of intense surface erosion, aggressive piping and gullying, occurred under special climatic (semi-arid climate), lithologic (dispersive marls) and structural (high vertical hydraulic gradient) conditions. Dense colonization by vegetation proved to be of major importance for controlling surface erosion. Vegetation, however, showed a limited capacity to control the activity of mass movements in most cases. Mass movements in the form of small soil slips primarily affected long-abandoned terraces in hillslope concavities and valley bottom positions that concentrate (surface and subsurface) water fluxes and show recurrent soil saturation. In humid terraced landscapes characterized by high hillslope gradients and terrace risers, the most devastating effects of mass movements took place in the form of 3 debris slips and terrace cascading landslides triggered by extreme rainfall. A variety of management options (non-intervention, stewardship of natural rewilding processes and active rehabilitation) can be applied, depending on vegetation development potential, site hydro-geomorphic vulnerability and local socio-economic interests. Effective conservation approaches will be required to preserve the environmental, socio-cultural and historical values of these ancient anthropogenic landscapes.

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Section: Environmental Patterns Of Terrace Stability After Land Abandonmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Land Management Considerations For Mediterranean Landscapes Affected By the Abandonment Of Traditional Agricultural Terracesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydro-geomorphological consequences of the abandonment of agricultural terraces in the Mediterranean region: Key controlling factors and landscape stability patterns

et al. 2019

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“…However, changes in form associated with these processes may be dominant in other environments (e.g. Gutiérrez et al, ; Faulkner, ), requiring consideration in the identification of the main geomorphic process signatures in such environments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geomorphic process signatures reshaping sub‐humid Mediterranean badlands: 2. Application to 5‐year dataset

Llena

Smith

Wheaton

et al. 2020

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Badland landscapes exhibit high erosion rates and represent the main source of fine sediments in some catchments. Advances in high‐resolution topographic methods allow analysis of topographic changes at high temporal and spatial scales. We apply the Mapping Geomorphic Processes in the Environment (MaGPiE) algorithm to infer the main geomorphic process signatures operating in two sub‐humid badlands with contrasting morphometric attributes located in the Southern Pyrenees. By interrogating a 5‐year dataset of seasonal and annual topographic changes, we examine the variability of geomorphic processes at multiple temporal scales. The magnitude of geomorphic processes is linked to landform attributes and meteorological variables. Morphometric differences between both adjacent badlands allow us to analyse the role of landform attributes in the main geomorphic process reshaping landscapes subjected to the same external forcing (i.e. rainfall and temperature). The dominant geomorphic process signatures observed in both badlands are different, despite their close proximity and the same rainfall and temperature regimes. Process signatures determining surface lowering in the gently sloping south‐facing badland, characterized by lower connectivity and more vegetation cover, are driven by surface runoff‐based processes, both diffuse (causing sheet washing) and concentrated (determining cutting and filling, rilling and gullying). The steeper, more connected north‐facing slopes of the other badland are reshaped by means of gravitational processes, with mass wasting dominating topographic changes. In terms of processes determining surface raising, both mass wasting and cutting and filling are most frequently observed in both badlands. There is a clear near‐balanced feedback between both surface‐raising and ‐lowering processes that becomes unbalanced at larger temporal scales due to the thresholds overcome, as the volume associated with surface lowering becomes higher than that associated with raising‐based processes. Rainfall variables control surface flow processes, while those variables associated with low temperature have a significant relation with mass movement‐based processes and other localized processes such as regolith cohesion loss. Finally, our results point out that morphometry (slope and connectivity) together with vegetation cover are key factors determining geomorphic processes and associated topographic changes. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…Even so, changes in form associated with these processes may be dominant in other environments (e.g. Gutiérrez et al ., ; Faulkner, ), requiring consideration in the identification of main geomorphic process signatures in such environments.…”

Section: The Magpie Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geomorphic process signatures reshaping sub‐humid Mediterranean badlands: 1. Methodological development based on high‐resolution topography

Llena

Vericat

Smith

et al. 2020

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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High‐resolution topography data sets have improved the spatial and temporal scales at which we are able to investigate the landscape through the analysis of landform attributes and the computation of topographic changes. Yet, to date, there have been only limited attempts to infer key geomorphic processes in terms of contributions to shaping the landscape. Highly erodible landscapes such as badlands provide an ideal demonstration of such an approach owing to the rapid changes observed over a relatively short time frame. In this technical note we present the Mapping Geomorphic Processes in the Environment (MaGPiE): a new algorithm that allows mapping of geomorphic process signatures through analysis of repeat high‐resolution topography data sets. The method is demonstrated in an experimental badland located in the southern central Pyrenees. MaGPiE is a geographic information system (GIS)‐based algorithm that uses as input: (a) terrain attributes (i.e. Slope, Roughness and Concentrated Runoff Index) extracted from digital elevation models (DEMs), and (b) a map of topographic changes (DEM of difference, DoD). Initial results demonstrate that MaGPiE allows the magnitude and the spatial distribution of the main geomorphic processes reshaping badlands to be inferred for the first time. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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The Role of Piping in the Development of Badlands

Cited by 7 publications

References 64 publications

Hydro-geomorphological consequences of the abandonment of agricultural terraces in the Mediterranean region: Key controlling factors and landscape stability patterns

Hydro-geomorphological consequences of the abandonment of agricultural terraces in the Mediterranean region: Key controlling factors and landscape stability patterns

Geomorphic process signatures reshaping sub‐humid Mediterranean badlands: 2. Application to 5‐year dataset

Geomorphic process signatures reshaping sub‐humid Mediterranean badlands: 1. Methodological development based on high‐resolution topography

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