The Role of Policy in Tackling Plastic Waste in the Aquatic Environment

Gionfra, Susanna; Richer, Clémentine; Watkins, Emma

doi:10.1007/698_2020_484

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…A ban of this kind has already been adopted in several countries such as Netherlands, USA, Canada, Australia, and UK. 154 Despite the ban on the use of microbeads in the manufacture of cosmetics and personal care products, it is hard to find any agro-environmental-related legislation for MPs or NPs. 155 There are suggestions that the restricted use of oxo-degradable plastics can reduce the human health risk and make the recycling and composting process easier ( ).…”

Section: Micro- and Nanoplastics (Mnps)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The regulations need to be stricter on waste legislation and fertilizer usage. 154 For example, the objective of ‘The EU strategy for plastics’ is all plastic packaging to be reusable and recyclable by the year 2030. In Germany, the maximum allowable quantity of plastics in fertilizer is 0.1% weight, but <2 mm particles have not been considered.…”

Section: Micro- and Nanoplastics (Mnps)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Major contaminants of emerging concern in soils: a perspective on potential health risks

et al. 2022

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Section: Micro- and Nanoplastics (Mnps)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Micro- and Nanoplastics (Mnps)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Major contaminants of emerging concern in soils: a perspective on potential health risks

et al. 2022

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“…The emission model showed an accumulation of nondegraded FTP fibers in soil over time (especially when long degradation half-lives were assumed, Figure a1) that formed a “secondary stock” of fluorinated polymers in the environment that undergo slow degradation. This stock accumulation is, however, low, for example, in comparison to estimated yearly inputs of microplastics in farmland (43 000–63 000 tonnes for the EU). Furthermore, the fiber stock will in reality be mobile in the environment and not be static in the soil or water as assumed here.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Release of Side-Chain Fluorinated Polymer-Containing Microplastic Fibers from Functional Textiles During Washing and First Estimates of Perfluoroalkyl Acid Emissions

Schellenberger

Jönsson

Mellin³

et al. 2019

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The quantity and composition of fibers released from functional textiles during accelerated washing were investigated using the GyroWash method. Two fabrics [polyamide (PA) and polyester/cotton (PES/CO)] were selected and coated with perfluorohexane-based side-chain fluorinated polymers. Fibers released during washing ranged from ∼10 to 500 μ with a similar distribution for the two textile types. The PA-based fabric released considerably more fibers >20 μm in length compared to the PES/CO-based fabric (>1000/ GyroWash for PA vs ∼200/GyroWash fibers for PES/CO). After one GyroWash (2−15 domestic washes), fibers that contained approximately 240 and 1300 μg total fluorine per square meter (μg F/m 2 ) were released from the PA and PES/CO fabrics, respectively. Current understanding of the fate of microplastic fibers suggests that a large fraction of these fibers reach the environment either in effluent wastewater or sewage sludge applied to land. In the environment, the fluorinated side chains will be slowly cleaved from the backbone of the side-chain fluorinated polymers coated on the fibers and then transformed into short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids. On the European scale, emissions of up to ∼0.7 t of fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH) per year were estimated for outdoor rain jackets treated with fluorotelomerbased side-chain fluorinated polymers.

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“…The presence of MPs in soils is due to different sources, such as mulching and sewage irrigation in agricultural fields. The amount may vary from approximately 44,000-300,000 to 63,000-430,000 tons of MPs through sewage sludge applied annually to North American and European farmland, respectively [45]. MPs in soil can be largely adsorbed by plants through their roots; once adsorbed, they can migrate and reach as far as the stems and leaves that can be consumed.…”

Section: Exposure Through the Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Effects of Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Microplastics: An Overview of Air Contamination

Boccia,

Mondellini,

Mauro

et al. 2024

Toxics

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Microplastics (MPs) are now ubiquitous environmental contaminants that lead to unavoidable human exposure; they have received increasing attention in recent years and have become an emerging area of research. The greatest concern is the negative impacts of MPs on marine, fresh-water, and terrestrial ecosystems, as well as human health, to the extent that the World Health Organization (WHO) calls for increased research and standardized methods to assess exposure to MPs. Many countries and international organizations are implementing or proposing legislation in this regard. This review aims to summarize the current state of legislation, indoor and outdoor contamination, and potential human health risk due to exposure to airborne MPs, considering that occupational exposure to MPs is also becoming a growing area of concern. Even though research regarding MPs has continuously increased in the last twenty years, the effects of MPs on human health have been scarcely investigated, and toxicity studies are still limited and not directly comparable, due to the lack of standardized studies in this field.

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The Role of Policy in Tackling Plastic Waste in the Aquatic Environment

Cited by 10 publications

References 7 publications

Major contaminants of emerging concern in soils: a perspective on potential health risks

Major contaminants of emerging concern in soils: a perspective on potential health risks

Release of Side-Chain Fluorinated Polymer-Containing Microplastic Fibers from Functional Textiles During Washing and First Estimates of Perfluoroalkyl Acid Emissions

Potential Effects of Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Microplastics: An Overview of Air Contamination

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