The role of prediction in catching balls.

Hayhoe, Mary; Mennie, Neil; Gorgos, Keith; Semrau, Jennife; Sullivan, Brian

doi:10.1167/4.8.156

Cited by 44 publications

(63 citation statements)

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“…Rather than only evaluating the success in catching the ball, we also evaluate the quality of the catch. Considering evidence that our brain can make reasonably reliable spatial and temporal estimates of future states of the environment (Hayhoe et al 2005;Indovina et al 2005;Zago et al 2009) and of our own movements (Blakemore et al 1999), we were particularly interested in the use of information from near the moment the thrower releases the ball.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catching a gently thrown ball

et al. 2010

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Several studies have shown that people can catch a ball even if it is visible only during part of its flight. Here, we examine how well they can do so. We measured the movements of a ball and of the hands of both the thrower and the catcher during one-handed underarm throwing and catching. The catcher's sight was occluded for 250 ms at random moments. Participants could catch most balls without fumbling. They only really had difficulties if vision was occluded before the ball was released and was restored less than 200 ms before the catch. In such cases, it was impossible to accurately predict the ball's trajectory from motion of the ball and of the thrower's hand before the occlusion, and there was not enough time to adjust the catching movement after vision was restored. Even at these limits, people caught most balls quite adequately.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catching a gently thrown ball

et al. 2010

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“…They examined the eye movement strategies of naïve performers in an immersive virtual racquetball environment where the ball speed and elasticity following ball-bounce were manipulated. It was reported that the spatial (within about 1.5 visual angle) and temporal accuracy of these saccades (maintaining an average duration of 170 ms between ballbounce and the ball's arrival at the gaze location) is consistent with the use of an experience-based model to not only predict the future location of ball-bounce, but may also in turn help predict where (and when) the ball is likely to arrive (also see Diaz et al, 2009;Hayhoe et al, 2005). Empirical evidence is still required to determine how this strategy may differ across different skill and age levels, and whether these behaviours observed in the virtual environment accurately represent those observed in situ.…”

Section: Gaze Behaviours and Successful Performancesupporting

confidence: 52%

“…As a result, batters could then maintain foveal fixation on the ball prior to bat-ball contact, facilitating online alterations to bat-swing as late as would be permissible (see Ripoll & Fleurance, 1988;Spering, Schütz, Braun, & Gegenfurtner, 2011). These findings collectively helped propose three possible roles for anticipatory saccades: to (i) facilitate tracking after the moment of ball-bounce, as it prevents the batter from having to direct their gaze down towards ball-bounce, and then back up again to accurately track the ball after it bounces, (ii) allow the batter to compare predicted and actual ball-flight trajectories, and (iii) promote a better detection of, and correction for, unexpected changes in the flight-path of the ball (also see Hayhoe et al, 2005).…”

Section: Gaze Behaviours and Successful Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This behaviour can also be observed in everyday activities such as the minute alterations in wrist position when picking up a glass of water, or beer, to avoid spilling a drop. However, this conjecture surrounding the usefulness of late ball-flight information to promote successful interception continues to be the topic of considerable debate in the literature (see Hayhoe, Mennie, Sullivan, & Gorgos, 2005;). …”

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confidence: 99%

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Interception in the presence of ball-swing: exploring the development of visual-motor expertise in cricket batting

Sarpeshkar¹

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Precise visual-motor coordination underpins success in fast-ball sports. Previous studies highlight significant differences in both the gaze and kinematic behaviour of skilled and lesser-skilled performers when carrying out interceptive actions (e.g., predictive eye movements and temporal coupling between the body and the hitting implement). However, much of what we know is based largely on studies that adopt case-study designs and/or simplified task environments, making it difficult to generalise the findings to the wider population and to the challenging tasks actually encountered in the performance environment. This is particularly true when seeking to intercept targets that follow a curved or swinging flight-path rather than a straight trajectory. Successful interception in the presence of ball-swing requires remarkable spatio-temporal precision, and helps to test performance at the limits of human performance. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to establish a comprehensive understanding of the development of visual-motor expertise using interception in the presence of ball-swing as a model of a highly demanding interceptive task.The four experimental chapters in this thesis collectively report the findings of one largescale experiment that assessed the visual-motor behaviour of cricket batters in situ. In the experiment, four groups of batters, who systematically differed according to their level of batting skill and age, attempted to hit balls projected by a hybrid 'ProBatter' ball-machine.Crucially, balls travelled at speeds that reflected those experienced during competition and ball-swing was introduced to manipulate task difficulty. Batters wore a portable eye tracking system to record their gaze direction, and high-speed video footage was used to analyse kinematic behaviour.Kinematic behaviours have been shown to underpin success and distinguish batters of different skill levels when hitting a ball. However, little is known about how widely these findings generalise to actions performed in more representative task conditions (e.g., faster ball-speeds and swinging flight-paths). Therefore, the first experimental chapter (Chapter 2) aims to examine the development of timing and movement coordination when hitting a ball in these conditions. Kinematics were compared when batters intercepted balls that followed a (i) straight flight-path only, and (ii) random mixture of straight and swinging flight-paths. Results revealed skill-based differences in interceptive performance when hitting straight balls, with the performance of all batters decreasing in the presence of ballswing (particularly when the ball swung away from the batter). Ball-swing delayed the timing of most key moments in the hitting action, with batters increasing the velocity of bat-III swing to overcome those delays. Knowledge that the ball could swing (hitting straight balls mixed with swinging trajectories) also altered the batting kinematics, highlighting the potential impact of top-down cognitive influences on kinematics and pe...

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“…15 Hayhoe and colleagues 41 provided evidence of the existence of sophisticated internal models of the structure of the environment. Cohen and Servan-Schreiber 42 have suggested that a disturbance in the internal representation of contextual information might provide a common explanation for deficits in several attention-related tasks in patients with schizophrenia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%