2002
DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00015-5
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The role of prenatal stress in the etiology of developmental behavioural disorders

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Cited by 308 publications
(197 citation statements)
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“…Exposure of a pregnant woman to physical and/or psychological stress (prenatal stress; PS) can have structural, behavioral and pharmacological effects on the offspring. 126,127,135 A large body of evidence relates stress-induced disturbances in the maternal HPA axis activity to impaired development. In humans, paternal death, malnutrition or drug use during pregnancy, and familial or marital problems can predispose individuals to the development of affective and anxiety disorders in adulthood (for review see Kofman, 126 Maccari et al, 135 Morley-Fletcher et al 155 ).…”
Section: Stressmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Exposure of a pregnant woman to physical and/or psychological stress (prenatal stress; PS) can have structural, behavioral and pharmacological effects on the offspring. 126,127,135 A large body of evidence relates stress-induced disturbances in the maternal HPA axis activity to impaired development. In humans, paternal death, malnutrition or drug use during pregnancy, and familial or marital problems can predispose individuals to the development of affective and anxiety disorders in adulthood (for review see Kofman, 126 Maccari et al, 135 Morley-Fletcher et al 155 ).…”
Section: Stressmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…156 In rat studies, PS has been reported to result in developmental abnormalities that may have long-term detrimental consequences for brain functioning and may lead to increased susceptibility to psychopathology, including depression, in adulthood. 157,158 Prenatal stressors such as repeated saline injections, daily restraint stress, or crowding (for review see Kofman, 126 Maccari et al 135 ) have been associated with several deficits in the offspring, such as reduced birth weight, increased infant morbidity, locomotor and cognitive retardation, circadian abnormalities and sleep disturbances, alterations in sexual or social behavior, and learning deficits. 127,159 Rat PS offspring show enhanced response to stress 126,127,135,155,160 and higher behavioral emotionality in several stressful situations.…”
Section: Stressmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…[7][8][9][10] A number of anatomical, physiologic/hormonal and stress factors may be implicated in hindering successful lactation, for example, immature mammary development resulting from shortened gestation (lactogenesis I), decreased milk production (lactogenesis II), and/or stress. 8,[11][12][13][14][15] Stress, be it physical or psychological, may hinder lactation via physiologic/hormonal responses that inhibit milk synthesis (for example, prolactin), milk release (for example, oxytocin) and/or maternal behavior. 16 The stress that mother's experience, following a premature delivery, may include not only maternal concerns over infant's health, 8,17,18 but also their own health, lifestyle (for example, employment, family responsibilities), lack of social support and/or limited socioeconomic resources, just to name a few.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Increasing evidence from animal studies shows that prenatal exposure to stressful events directly affects the neurophysiological development of the fetus with deleterious consequences observable throughout lifetime (Weinstock, 1997;Kofman, 2002). A prenatal stress (PS) results in the hyperactivation of the maternal hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to enhanced production of stress hormones.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%