The role of property gradients on the mechanical behavior of human enamel

An, Bingbing; Wang, Raorao; Arola, D.; Zhang, Dongsheng

doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.01.009

Cited by 52 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The results of this study indicate there is a mechanical property gradient across enamel with modulus and hardness significantly higher in outer enamel as compared to inner enamel near the DEJ, which is in agreement with previous reports [8–12]. In the current study, the overall mean modulus across the four tooth measurement sites ranged from 119±12 to 80±19 GPa from outer to inner enamel, respectively (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Based on nanoindentation measurements, the mechanical properties of enamel have been previously reported to be position dependent: Young’s modulus (E) and hardness (H) in the enamel region close to the dentin-enamel junction (DEJ) are lower than that in the outer enamel [8–12]. Some investigations have tried to explain the mechanical property gradient based on enamel composition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The distribution of carbonate in enamel and its correlation with structure and mechanical properties

Reed

Gorski

et al. 2012

J Mater Sci

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The correlation of carbonate content with enamel microstructure (chemical and crystal structure) and mechanical properties was evaluated via linear mapping analyses using Raman microspectroscopy and nanoindentation. Mappings started at the outer enamel surface and ended in the inner enamel near the dentin-enamel junction (DEJ) in lingual and buccal cervical and cuspal regions. The carbonate peak intensity at 1070 cm−1 gradually increased from outer to inner enamel. Moreover, the phosphate peak width, as measured by the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the peak at 960 cm−1, also increased, going from ~9 cm−1 in outer enamel to ~13 cm−1 in enamel adjacent to the DEJ, indicating a decrease in the degree of crystallinity of hydroxyapatite from outer to inner enamel. In contrast, Young’s modulus decreased from 119±12 to 80±19 GPa across outer to inner enamel with a concomitant decrease in enamel hardness from 5.9±1.4 to 3.5±1.3 GPa. There were also significant correlations between carbonate content and associated crystallinity with mechanical properties. As carbonate content increased, there was an associated decrease in crystallinity and both of these changes correlated with decreased modulus and hardness. Collectively, these results suggest that enamel carbonate content and the associated change in the crystal structure of hydroxyapatite, i.e. degree of crystallinity, may have a direct effect on enamel mechanical properties. The combination of Raman microspectroscopy and nanoindentation proved to be an effective approach for evaluating the microstructure of enamel and its associated properties.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The distribution of carbonate in enamel and its correlation with structure and mechanical properties

Reed

Gorski

et al. 2012

J Mater Sci

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“…At the center of the rods (or prism head) the crystals are oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tooth, while in the inter-rod region (about the prism tail) the crystals are more oblique to the rod axis [10,92]. It is believed that this small variation in crystal orientation has an important influence on the mechanical properties of enamel at both the micro and macro levels [93]. There are also spatial variations in the organic content.…”

Section: Fracture Properties Of Enamelmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Mechanics of Fatigue and Fracture in Teeth

Yahyazadehfar

Ivancik

Majd

et al. 2014

Applied Mechanics Reviews

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Tooth fracture is a major concern in the field of restorative dentistry. However, knowledge of the causes for tooth fracture has developed from contributions that are largely based within the field of mechanics. The present manuscript presents a technical review of advances in understanding the fracture of teeth and the fatigue and fracture behavior of their hard tissues (i.e., dentin and enamel). The importance of evaluating the fracture resistance of these materials, and the role of applied mechanics in developing this knowledge will be reviewed. In addition, the complex microstructures of tooth tissues, their roles in resisting tooth fracture, and the importance of hydration and aging on the fracture resistance of tooth tissues will be discussed. Studies in this area are essential for increasing the success of current treatments in dentistry, as well as in facilitating the development of novel bio-inspired restorative materials for the future.

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“…2a) [40]. Both the elastic modulus and hardness are linearly gradated, with the lowest values near the enamel-dentine junction and the highest at the tooth surface [40,41,42,43]. The properties of the enamel of other mammals vary slightly, but a gradient of hardness and elastic modulus is again usually present [44,45,46,47].…”

Section: Enamel Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Wear and Tear of Teeth

Lucas¹,

Casteren²

2014

Med Princ Pract

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A review is presented of the mechanical damage suffered by tooth crowns. This has been the subject of much recent research, resulting in a need to revise some of the thinking about the mechanisms involved. Damage is classified here by scale into macro-, meso- and microfracture. The focus is on the outer enamel coat because this is the contact tissue and where most fractures start. Enamel properties appear to be tailored to maximize hardness, but also to prevent fracture. The latter is achieved by the deployment of developmental flaws called enamel tufts. Macrofractures usually appear to initiate as extensions of tufts on the undersurface of the enamel adjacent to the enamel-dentine junction and extend from there into the enamel. Cracks that pass from the tooth surface tend to be deflected by an enamel region of high toughness; if they find the surface again, a chip (mesofracture) is produced. The real protection of the enamel-dentine junction here is the layer of decussating inner enamel. Finally, a novel analysis of mechanical wear (microfracture) suggests that the local toughness of the enamel is very important to its ability to resist tissue loss. Enamel and dentine have contrasting behaviours. Seen on a large scale, dentine is isotropic (behaving similarly in all directions) while enamel is anisotropic, but vice versa on a very small scale. These patterns have implications for anyone studying the fracture behaviour of teeth.

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The role of property gradients on the mechanical behavior of human enamel

Cited by 52 publications

References 39 publications

The distribution of carbonate in enamel and its correlation with structure and mechanical properties

The distribution of carbonate in enamel and its correlation with structure and mechanical properties

On the Mechanics of Fatigue and Fracture in Teeth

The Wear and Tear of Teeth

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