The role of regulatory T cells and follicular T helper cells in HBV infection

Lin, Na; Yin, Wei; Miller, Heather G.; Byazrova, Maria; Herrada, Andrés A.; Benlagha, Kamel; Lee, Pamela; Guan, Fei; Lei, Jiahui; Gong, Quan; Yan, Yi; Filatov, Alexander; Liu, Chaohong

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1169601

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…[ 91 , 92 ]. Several studies have shown that during chronic HBV infection, Treg cells proliferate dramatically and suppress the anti-HBV immune response [ 93 , 94 ].…”

Section: Hepatitis B Virus (Hbv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding lactate in the development of Hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma

Sheikhrobat,

Mahmoudvand,

Kazemipour-Khabbazi

et al. 2024

Infect Agents Cancer

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Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic virus that can establish a persistent and chronic infection in humans. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is associated with an increased risk of hepatic decompensation, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Lactate level, as the end product of glycolysis, plays a substantial role in metabolism beyond energy production. Emerging studies indicate that lactate is linked to patient mortality rates, and HBV increases overall glucose consumption and lactate production in hepatocytes. Excessive lactate plays a role in regulating the tumor microenvironment (TME), immune cell function, autophagy, and epigenetic reprogramming. The purpose of this review is to gather and summarize the existing knowledge of the lactate’s functions in the dysregulation of the immune system, which can play a crucial role in the development of HBV-related HCC. Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that lactate with intriguing functions can be considered an immunomodulatory metabolite in immunotherapy.

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“…[ 91 , 92 ]. Several studies have shown that during chronic HBV infection, Treg cells proliferate dramatically and suppress the anti-HBV immune response [ 93 , 94 ].…”

Section: Hepatitis B Virus (Hbv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding lactate in the development of Hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma

Sheikhrobat,

Mahmoudvand,

Kazemipour-Khabbazi

et al. 2024

Infect Agents Cancer

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“…FOXP3 can also form different complexes with different transcription factors, thereby affecting the specificity of Treg cell suppression function. In the IM, FOXP3 in Treg cells can combine with T-bet, a key transcription factor in Th1 cells, due to external environmental stimuli, specifically enhancing the immunosuppressive function of Tregs, which in turn promotes tumor progression (46)(47)(48).…”

Section: Mechanism Of Treg Reprogramming Under Inflammatory Microenvi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reprogramming of Treg cells in the inflammatory microenvironment during immunotherapy: a literature review

Wu,

Zhou,

Cao

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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Regulatory T cells (Treg), as members of CD4+ T cells, have garnered extensive attention in the research of tumor progression. Treg cells have the function of inhibiting the immune effector cells, preventing tissue damage, and suppressing inflammation. Under the stimulation of the tumor inflammatory microenvironment (IM), the reprogramming of Treg cells enhances their suppression of immune responses, ultimately promoting tumor immune escape or tumor progression. Reducing the number of Treg cells in the IM or lowering the activity of Treg cells while preventing their reprogramming, can help promote the body’s anti-tumor immune responses. This review introduces a reprogramming mechanism of Treg cells in the IM; and discusses the regulation of Treg cells on tumor progression. The control of Treg cells and the response to Treg inflammatory reprogramming in tumor immunotherapy are analyzed and countermeasures are proposed. This work will provide a foundation for downregulating the immunosuppressive role of Treg in the inflammatory environment in future tumor immunotherapy.

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“…This immune 'exhaustion' is characterized by poor cytotoxic T-cell activity and impaired cytokine production [35]. The role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in this 'immune exhaustion' has been widely demonstrated [36][37][38][39]. In a poorly understood mechanism, HBV infection induces Treg responses [40].…”

Section: Immune Response To Hbvmentioning

confidence: 99%

AAV Immunotoxicity: Implications in Anti-HBV Gene Therapy

Jacobs,

Dogbey,

Mnyandu

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has afflicted humankind for decades and there is still no treatment that can clear the infection. The development of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-based gene therapy for HBV infection has become important in recent years and research has made exciting leaps. Initial studies, mainly using mouse models, showed that rAAVs are non-toxic and induce minimal immune responses. However, several later studies demonstrated rAAV toxicity, which is inextricably associated with immunogenicity. This is a major setback for the progression of rAAV-based therapies toward clinical application. Research aimed at understanding the mechanisms behind rAAV immunity and toxicity has contributed significantly to the inception of approaches to overcoming these challenges. The target tissue, the features of the vector, and the vector dose are some of the determinants of AAV toxicity, with the latter being associated with the most severe adverse events. This review discusses our current understanding of rAAV immunogenicity, toxicity, and approaches to overcoming these hurdles. How this information and current knowledge about HBV biology and immunity can be harnessed in the efforts to design safe and effective anti-HBV rAAVs is discussed.

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The role of regulatory T cells and follicular T helper cells in HBV infection

Cited by 6 publications

References 176 publications

Understanding lactate in the development of Hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma

Understanding lactate in the development of Hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma

Reprogramming of Treg cells in the inflammatory microenvironment during immunotherapy: a literature review

AAV Immunotoxicity: Implications in Anti-HBV Gene Therapy

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