The role of RNA editing in conservation of start codons in chloroplast genomes

Neckermann, Kai; Zeltz, Patric; Igloi, Gabor L.; Kössel, Hans; Maier, Rainer M.

doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90290-9

Cited by 82 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 23 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…3 for the translational start of ndhD-encoded transcripts for which at a first glance no common AUG codon at a conserved homologous position could be identified in the various plastome species. The apparently divergent N-terminal region of the ndhD-encoded peptide could, however, be unified to a single N-terminus by editing of the cryptic ACG initiation codons encoded in the plastomes of tobacco, spinach and snapdragon to a conserved AUG initiation codon, cDNA sequence analysis for these three species indeed showed that about half the transcripts contain AUG codons in the expected position [81 ]. This partial editing is in marked contrast to the virtually complete editing observed for the above mentioned rpl2-and psbL-encoded initiation codons.…”

Section: Creation Of Start Codons By Editingmentioning

confidence: 99%

RNA editing in plant mitochondria and chloroplasts

Maier¹,

Zeltz²,

Kössel³

et al. 1996

Plant Mol Biol

Self Cite

188

114

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the mitochondria and chloroplasts of higher plants there is an RNA editing activity responsible for specific C-to-U conversions and for a few U-to-C conversions leading to RNA sequences different from the corresponding DNA sequences. RNA editing is a post-transcriptional process which essentially affects the transcripts of protein coding genes, but has also been found to modify non-coding transcribed regions, structural RNAs and intron sequences. RNA editing is essential for correct gene expression: proteins translated from edited transcripts are different from the ones deduced from the genes sequences and usually present higher similarity to the corresponding non-plant homologues. Initiation and stop codons can also be created by RNA editing. RNA editing has also been shown to be required for the stabilization of the secondary structure of introns and tRNAs. The biochemistry of RNA editing in plant organelles is still largely unknown. In mitochondria, recent experiments indicate that RNA editing may be a deamination process. A plastid transformation technique showed to be a powerful tool for the study of RNA editing. The biochemistry as well as the evolutionary features of RNA editing in both organelles are compared in order to identify common as well as organelle-specific components.

show abstract

Section: Creation Of Start Codons By Editingmentioning

confidence: 99%

RNA editing in plant mitochondria and chloroplasts

Maier¹,

Zeltz²,

Kössel³

et al. 1996

Plant Mol Biol

Self Cite

188

114

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In angiosperm chloroplasts, RNA editing has been shown to create initiation codons (ACG-to-AUG) (6)(7)(8)15), as well as restore internal codons for conserved amino acids (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(16)(17)(18). We, however, are reporting first instances of creation of stop codons mediated by RNA editing in two different transcripts of black pine chloroplasts (see Table 1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Subsequently, the occurrence of RNA editing in chloroplasts was reported for the first time in maize rpl2 transcript (6). Later, several instances of RNA editing were found in angiosperm chloroplasts, but the number of editing sites remains limited (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18) (21). Based on the alignment of predicted amino acid sequences, many potential RNA editing sites were found in the protein-coding regions of the transcripts from black pine chloroplast DNA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creation of a novel protein-coding region at the RNA level in black pine chloroplasts: the pattern of RNA editing in the gymnosperm chloroplast is different from that in angiosperms.

Wakasugi

Hirose

Horihata

et al. 1996

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

114

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The phenomenon of RNA editing has been found to occur in chloroplasts of several angiosperm plants.Comparative analysis of the entire nucleotide sequence of a gymnosperm [Pinus thunbergii (black pine)] chloroplast genome allowed us to predict several potential editing sites in its transcripts. Forty-nine such sites from 14 genes/ORFs were analyzed by sequencing both cDNAs from the transcripts and the corresponding chloroplast DNA regions, and 26 RNA editing sites were identified in the transcripts from 12 genes/ORFs, indicating that chloroplast RNA editing is not restricted to angiosperms but occurs in the gymnosperm, too. All the RNA editing events are C-to-U conversions; however, many new codon substitutions and creation of stop codons that have not so far been reported in angiosperm chloroplasts were observed. The most striking is that two editing events result in the creation of an initiation and a stop codon within a single transcript, leading to the formation of a new reading frame of 33 codons. The predicted product is highly homologous to that deduced from theyJ7 gene (ORE31), which is conserved in the chloroplast genomes of many other plant species.RNA editing is one of the posttranscriptional events that has been found to occur in a wide range of organisms (1). It leads to the formation of functional RNAs through alterations of nucleotide sequences of primary transcripts by either base substitutions or nucleotide insertions and deletions. In plants, RNA editing was first reported in the mitochondria of wheat and Oenothera (2-4). To date, several hundred RNA editing sites, mostly C-to-U and, rarely, U-to-C conversions, have been found in the mitochondria of maize, wheat, Oenothera, and other plant species (5). Subsequently, the occurrence of RNA editing in chloroplasts was reported for the first time in maize rpl2 transcript (6). Later, several instances of RNA editing were found in angiosperm chloroplasts, but the number of editing sites remains limited (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18) (21). Based on the alignment of predicted amino acid sequences, many potential RNA editing sites were found in the protein-coding regions of the transcripts from black pine chloroplast DNA. We examined such potential sites and identified 26 edited sites in mRNAs from 12 genes/ORFs. Interestingly, we also found two C-to-U editing events that created an initiation and a stop codon within a single transcript resulted in the formation of a new polypeptide-coding frame at the RNA level. MATERIALS AND METHODSTwo-week-old Pinus thunbergii seedlings were supplied from Oji Institute for Forest Tree Improvement. The leaves and stems were frozen in liquid nitrogen, and total RNA and DNA were prepared as described (22). cDNA synthesis was carried out by using cDNA cycle kit (Invitrogen) using random primers and 1 ,ug of DNase-treated total RNA as template. Search for potential editing sites was carried out using a HP9000-845 computer (Hewlett-Packard). cDNA and chloroplast genomic DNA were amplified by polymera...

show abstract

“…We lost an outstanding scientist and a good friend. events is the restoration of codons for conserved amino acids and of reading frames [4,8,17,20,25,27,32,34,37]; (4) chloroplasts and plant mitochondria can even share common editing sites as has been shown for chloroplast ndhA and its mitochondrial homologue nadl [27]; (5) similar sequence elements surrounding editing sites are observed in mRNAs of homologous and even non-homologous genes [28]. This led to the suggestion that chloroplast and mitochondrial editing systems are likely to have common evolutionary roots.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A promiscuous chloroplast DNA fragment is transcribed in plant mitochondria but the encoded RNA is not edited

Zeltz¹,

Kadowaki

Kubo

et al. 1996

Plant Mol Biol

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The RNA editing processes in chloroplasts and mitochondira of higher plants show several similarities which are suggestive of common components and/or biochemical steps between the two plant organelles. The existence of various promiscuous DNA fragments of chloroplast origin in plant mitochondrial genomes allowed us to test the possibility that chloroplast sequences are also edited in mitochondria. An rpoB fragment transferred from chloroplasts to mitochondria in rice was chosen as it contains several editing sites, two of which match sequence motifs surrounding even non-homologous editing sites in both chloroplast and mitochondrial transcripts. Rice chloroplast and mitochondrial rpoB DNA and cDNA sequences were selectively amplified and the editing status of the cDNA sequences was determined. Three of the four potential rpoB editing sites previously detected in maize were found to be edited in the rice chloroplast rpoB transcript, whereas the fourth was found to remain unedited. In mitochondria, however, all four editing sites remain unmodified at the cDNA level. This indicates that the editing processes of higher plant mitochondria and chloroplasts are not identical and that organelle-specific factors are required for eliciting the respective editing events.

show abstract

The role of RNA editing in conservation of start codons in chloroplast genomes

Cited by 82 publications

References 23 publications

RNA editing in plant mitochondria and chloroplasts

RNA editing in plant mitochondria and chloroplasts

Creation of a novel protein-coding region at the RNA level in black pine chloroplasts: the pattern of RNA editing in the gymnosperm chloroplast is different from that in angiosperms.

A promiscuous chloroplast DNA fragment is transcribed in plant mitochondria but the encoded RNA is not edited

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About