The role of Selenium in Mitigating The adverse Effect of Cyclophosphamide on The rat Submandibular Salivary Glands

Abstract

T HE goal of this study is to see if selenium can counteract the effects of cyclophosphamide on albino rats' submandibular salivary gland tissues. 24 male rats were separated into four groups, each with 6 rats aged 12 -16 weeks weighing 300-400 grams: the first was given physiological saline orally, the second was given selenium (200 mg/kg) orally for 14 days, and the third group was given cyclophosphamide orally once (150 mg /kg). On day 8, group 5 th group(IV) got selenium (200 Mg/kg) and cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p.). On day 15, all rats were sedated and slaughtered, and the salivary glands of the submandibular region were collected. In comparison to the other groups, the third group lost weight significantly. The histopathological study revealed mucosal acini necrosis with edema surrounding the striated ducts, as well as mucosal acini cell atrophy and vacuoles in the serous acini. A decrease in the number of granulocytic convoluted tubules, an increase in fibrous tissue surrounding the interlobular ducts, and serous acinar apoptosis characteristics were also seen. In comparison to the other groups with moderate to severe foci, immunohistochemical results in this group demonstrated modest to the negative expression of (anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein) in stromal cells among the acinar cells of the salivary glands. We concluded that cyclophosphamide caused structural alterations in the submandibular salivary glands of rats and that selenium alleviated these side effects, as seen by histological investigation and immunohistochemistry analysis of Bcl-2 expression.

Protective effects of hesperidin in cyclophosphamide-induced parotid toxicity in rats

“…Histopathological findings in this study coincide with the published studies of Yahyazadeh and Alnuaimi et al 38 , 52 , who stated the toxic effect of CYP on the salivary gland cells, the stroma, the ducts, and the acini. Chemotherapeutic drugs like CYP could affect the function of acinar and ductal cells, by disrupting the cell division 53 .…”

Atrophy and Inflammatory Changes in Salivary Glands Induced by Oxidative Stress after Exposure to Drugs and Other Chemical Substances: A Systematic Review

“…The studies that use antioxidants are even fewer than those of oxidative damage on sali- Damage to salivary glands can cause dysfunction leading to alterations in salivary flow and quality [55]. Decreased or absent salivation leads to periodontitis [20], while reduction in salivary secretion is characteristic of xerostomia [12]. Xerostomia is characterized by a dry mouth that affects chewing, swallowing, tasting, and speech, it induces pain, periodontitis, and bad breath leading to malnutrition, impaired social activities, and oral candidiasis [10,15,24,56].…”

“…The second study has not analyzed the biochemical markers [12]. Morphological analysis has shown vacuolar degeneration in both the PGs and SMGs [12,15], parenchymal atrophy, acinar apoptosis or necrosis, periductal edema, and fibrosis at the level of the SMG [12].…”

“…6 articles on the effect of chemotherapy drugs on salivary glands [5,12,15,16,18,19]; • 4 articles on the effect of ethanol on salivary glands [6,7,9,20]; • 9 articles on the effects of heavy metals on salivary glands [2,11,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27]; • 3 articles on the effect of fluoride on salivary gland [4,10,28]; • 4 articles on the effect of other substances, such as atrazine [29], high protein diet [8], hyperoxia [30], and sodium nitrite [31];…”

“…In the SMG gland, there was parenchymal atrophy, necrosis, and apoptosis, the latter being indicated by BCL-2 (B cell lymphoma 2) negativity, along with periductal edema and fibrosis [12]. Co-administration of hesperidine in the case of the PG gland [15] and selenium in the case of the SMG has diminished the alterations [12]; • 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), a pyrimidine analog with cytostatic activity, used for the treatment of different solid tumors, especially from the genital tract, could induce salivary gland atrophy and xerostomia. Studies from the literature have shown that 5-FU can provoke oxidative stress by inhibiting the antioxidative system and by increasing the activity of the oxidative system.…”