The Role of the ABC Transporter Gene PMR1 in Demethylation Inhibitor Resistance in Penicillium digitatum

Extensive Chemometric Investigations of the Multidrug Resistance in Strains of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Penicillium Digitatum

“…The model V has good statistics ( Table 4). The regression vector of the model IV (Table 5) shows that the DMI resistance of P. digitatum is more consequence of the CYP51 expression and less of the PMR1 expression, which can agree with observations from Hamamoto et al [21,22] that the baseline resistance of P. digitatum strains is not determined by the PMR1 expression or overexpression but by that of CYP51. New variable selection with genome and mixed descriptors resulted in an improved QGSAR model VI, which was successfully validated externally in the same way as the model IV (resulting in the model VII with good statistics, Tables 3 and 4).…”

ABC Transporters and Azole Susceptibility in Laboratory Strains of the Wheat Pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola

“…Multiple mechanisms probably operate in individual strains. Multiple mechanisms of azole resistance also function in C. albicans and P. digitatum (16,24,28). This situation complicates investigations on mechanisms of resistance to azoles in M. graminicola.…”

Molecular Tools for Detection of Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Fungicide Resistance

“…In Penicillium digitatum a unique 126-bp sequence in the promoter region of CYP51 was tandem repeated five times in resistant isolates and was present only one in sensitive isolates. This provided a quick and easy method to detect DMIresistant strains of P. digitatum (Hamamoto et al, 2001). Insertions in the promoter were also found in Blumeriella jaapii (Ma et al, 2006), Venturia inaequalis (Schnabel & Jones 2001) and in Monilinia fructicola (Luo et al, 2008) and recently another insertion of 199-bp was found in P. digitatum CYP51A gene (Ghosoph et al, 2007) and PdCYP51B gene (Sun et al, 2011;Sánchez-Torres et al, submitted) leading to resistant phenotypes.…”

“…However, the introduction of resistant strains from PMR1 restores the resistance while the introduction of PMR1 from sensitive strains does not have the same effect and does not restore the resistance. This suggests that although PMR1 plays an important role in the sensitivity of P. digitatum against DMIs alone does not explain the differences between sensitive and resistant strains (Hamamoto et al, 2001). Another of the genes studied is PMR5.…”

“…In Penicillium digitatum, the DMI resistance resulted from over-expression of the PdCYP51 genes driven by a tandem repeat of five copies of a 126 transcriptional enhancer (Hamamoto et al, 2000), or insertion of 199-bp in the promoter region of PdCYP51A (Gosoph et al, 2007) or by the presence of 199-bp enhancer in the promoter region of PdCYP51B (Sun et al, 2011). Based on the DNA sequence of the PdCYP51-genes, PCR primers have been developed which are able to distinguish not only between sensitive and resistant DMI strains but allow identification of molecular mechanism that takes place (Hamamoto et al, 2001;Gosoph et al, 2007;Sánchez-Torres & Tuset, 2011;Sun et al, 2011).…”