The role of the environment in transmission of antimicrobial resistance between humans and animals: a modelling study

Lepper, Hannah C.; Woolhouse, Mark; Bunnik, Bram Ad van

doi:10.1101/2022.05.19.492687

Cited by 5 publications

References 38 publications

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Comparing the transmission of carbapenemase-producing and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producingEscherichia colibetween broiler chickens

Dankittipong

Alderliesten

Broek

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The emergence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) is a threat to public health, because of their resistance to clinically important carbapenem antibiotics. The emergence of CPE in meat producing animals is particularly worrying because consumption of meat contaminated with resistant bacteria similar to CPE, such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae, contributed to colonization in humans worldwide. Currently, no data on the transmission of CPE in livestock is available. We performed a transmission experiment to quantify the transmission of CPE between broilers to fill this knowledge gap and to compare the transmission rates of CPE and other antibiotic resistant E. coli. A total of 180 Ross 308 broiler chickens were distributed on the day of hatch (day 0) over 12 pens. On day 5, half of the chickens in each pen were orally inoculated with 5X10(2) colony-forming units of CPE, ESBL, or chloramphenicol-resistant E. coli (catA1). Amoxicillin drinking water treatment was given twice daily in 6 of the 12 pens from days 2 to 6 to evaluate the effect of antibiotic treatment on the transmission rates. Cloacal swabs of all animals were taken to determine the number of infectious broilers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to quantify the transmission of the E. coli strains. E. coli can survive in the environment and serve as a reservoir. Therefore, the susceptible-infectious transmission model was adapted to account for the transmission of resistant bacteria from the environment. In addition, the caecal microbiome was analyzed on day 5 and at the end of the experiment on day 14 to assess the relationship between the caecal microbiome and the transmission rates. The transmission rates of CPE were 52 to 68 per cent lower compared to ESBL and catA1, but it is not clear if these differences were caused by differences between the resistance genes or between the E. coli strains. Differences between the groups in transmission rates and microbiome diversity did not correspond to each other, indicating that differences in transmission rates were probably not caused by major differences in the community structure in the caecal microbiome. Amoxicillin treatment from day 2 to 6 increased the transmission rate more than three-fold in all inoculums. It also increased alpha diversity compared to untreated animals on day 5, but not on day 14, suggesting only a temporary effect. Future research could incorporate more complex transmission models with different species of resistant bacteria into the Bayesian hierarchical model.

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Comparing the transmission of carbapenemase-producing and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producingEscherichia colibetween broiler chickens

Dankittipong

Alderliesten

Broek

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Using Machine Learning to Predict Antimicrobial Resistance―A Literature Review

et al. 2023

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Machine learning (ML) algorithms are increasingly applied in medical research and in healthcare, gradually improving clinical practice. Among various applications of these novel methods, their usage in the combat against antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most crucial areas of interest, as increasing resistance to antibiotics and management of difficult-to-treat multidrug-resistant infections are significant challenges for most countries worldwide, with life-threatening consequences. As antibiotic efficacy and treatment options decrease, the need for implementation of multimodal antibiotic stewardship programs is of utmost importance in order to restrict antibiotic misuse and prevent further aggravation of the AMR problem. Both supervised and unsupervised machine learning tools have been successfully used to predict early antibiotic resistance, and thus support clinicians in selecting appropriate therapy. In this paper, we reviewed the existing literature on machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) in general in conjunction with antimicrobial resistance prediction. This is a narrative review, where we discuss the applications of ML methods in the field of AMR and their value as a complementary tool in the antibiotic stewardship practice, mainly from the clinician’s point of view.

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Clinical Aspects of Bacterial Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance in the Reproductive System of Equids

Tyrnenopoulou

Fthenakis

2023

Antibiotics

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Antibiotic administration is a standard therapeutic practice for the treatment of reproductive disorders of equids. This might lead to undesirable microbial imbalance and could favour the acquisition of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, it is imperative for clinicians to understand patterns of antibiotic resistance when considering and developing treatment regimes. Continued engagement of clinicians with novel alternative approaches to treat reproductive infections would be essential in order to address this rising threat within the One Health perspective. The objectives of the present review were to present the bacterial infections in the reproductive system of equids (horses, donkeys), to upraise the literature related to the issue of antibiotic resistance of bacteria causing these infections and to discuss the topic from a clinical perspective. Initially, the review summarised the various infections of the reproductive system of equids (genital system of females, genital system of males, mammary glands) and the causal bacteria, providing relevant information about horses and donkeys. Subsequently, the clinical therapeutics of these infections were presented, taking into account the significance of antibiotic resistance of bacteria as a limiting factor in treating the infections. Finally, approaches to circumvent antibiotic resistance in clinical settings were summarized. It was concluded that awareness regarding antibiotic resistance in equine reproductive medicine would increase, as we would recognise the multifaceted problem of resistance. Actions and initiatives within the One Health approach, minimizing the potential dissemination of resistant strains to humans and to the environment, with specific applications in medicine of equids should be appropriately instituted internationally.

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The role of the environment in transmission of antimicrobial resistance between humans and animals: a modelling study

Cited by 5 publications

References 38 publications

Comparing the transmission of carbapenemase-producing and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producingEscherichia colibetween broiler chickens

Comparing the transmission of carbapenemase-producing and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producingEscherichia colibetween broiler chickens

Using Machine Learning to Predict Antimicrobial Resistance―A Literature Review

Clinical Aspects of Bacterial Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance in the Reproductive System of Equids

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