The role of the golden proportion in the evaluation of facial esthetics

Abstract

Objective: To demonstrate if one or more golden relationships between different measurements of the human face exist. Materials and Methods: To make our measurements, we used three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry, which has proved to be the ''gold standard'' in the field of facial anthropometry. We obtained 3D stereophotogrammetric facial acquisitions of 400 healthy young adult subjects, then had them scored by an Evaluation Jury. Each subject received an esthetic evaluation ranging from 0 to 40. Individuals with a score larger than 28 were considered very attractive (VA), and individuals with a score lower than 12 were considered not attractive (NA). Fifteen subjects per group were chosen by chance, with a final total group of 60 subjects: 15 VA males, 15 NA males, 15 VA females, and 15 NA females. For each subject, a set of facial distances was obtained from the stereophotogrammetric facial reconstruction, and 10 ratios were computed. The effects of sex and attractiveness were tested by analysis of variance. Additionally, Student's ttests verified if the ratios were statistically different from the golden ratio. Results: For nine ratios, no significant effects of sex or attractiveness were found. Only the eyemouth distance/height of the mandible ratio was significantly influenced by sex (P 5 .035) and attractiveness (P 5 .032). Seven out of 10 ratios were statistically different from the hypothetical value of 1.618, and only three of them were similar to the golden ratio. Conclusions: Ratios between 3D facial distances were not related to attractiveness. Most of the facial ratios were different from the golden ratio. (Angle Orthod. 2013;83:801-808.)

Evaluation of Golden Proportion in North Indian Individuals with an Aesthetic Smile

“…[7,8]. Some authors have stated that the golden proportion is not present in attractive faces, natural aesthetic smiles and is not suitable to relate to the successive width of the maxillary anterior teeth [9][10][11]. Due to the contradiction in the above mentioned studies, there is confusion for both the clinician and technician.…”

Soft-Tissue Facial Asymmetry Before and After Orthognathic Surgery: Application of a New 3d Protocol

“…Generally, patients with skeletal dysmorphia are more asymmetrical than healthy subjects without malocclusions [9,16], as shown in the current analysis that allowed to localize those parts of the face showing a higher degree of left-right imbalance. The present method can, therefore, be coupled with the conventional analyses of facial esthetics [17], thus increasing the quantitative description of the patient, and helping in treatment planning and monitoring of follow up.…”

EVALUATION OF VARIOUS FACIAL ANTHROPOMETRIC PROPORTIONS IN INDIAN AMERICAN WOMEN. Evaluación de varias proporciones antropométricas en mujeres indio-americanas

“…The golden ratio was used to achieve balance and beauty in many Renaissance paintings and sculptures. The golden ratio also appears in da Vinci's Vitruvian Man and the Mona Lisa (Baker and Woods, 2001;Rossetti et al, 2013). The silver ratio is an analog of the more well-known golden ratio which arises in many mathematical and geometric expressions.…”

“…Jefferson (2004) stated that, any deviation of human face from golden proportion can result in the development of facial abnormalities and disorders. A study by Rossetti et al (2013) showed that, the ratios between 3D facial distances were not related to attractiveness and most facial ratios were different from the golden ratio. In recent years, various studies in the general population and orthodontic patients have tried to establish the importance of golden proportions in determining facial attractiveness and esthetics, but with conflicting results.…”