The Role of the Gut Microbiota and the Immune System in the Development of Autism

Lungba, Rayan M; Khan, Seyad Zulficar Ali; Ajibawo-Aganbi, Uvie; Bastidas, Maria V Perez; Veliginti, Swathi; Saleem, Sania; Cancarevic, Ivan

doi:10.7759/cureus.11226

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The patients also have many repetitive behaviors, eye contact avoidance, and difficulties in adaptation to changing routines. [5,81] According to several studies, this disorder happens in males more than females, with a ratio of 4:1. [80] In addition to cognitive impairments, it is well-known that ASD children have various GI problems, such as gut dysfunction, constipation, diarrhea, and recurrent abdominal pain.…”

Section: Gut Microbiota and Asdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A brief introduction Schizophrenia is a significant cause of disability with varied causes, and gut microbiome has been linked to its development [45][46][47][48][49][50] Depression is a prevalent cause of disability worldwide, with the gut microbiome being implicated in its pathogenesis [60][61][62] Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a prevalent and enduring type of anxiety, affecting 4%-6% of the total population [70] Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects social interaction and communication and is typically identified in early childhood [1,5,77,78] Neurotransmitters involved in the mental disorders Impairment in the tryptophan to serotonin conversion pathway is plausibly linked to schizophrenia [9] Researchers suggest that d-serine could be associated with schizophrenia [54,57] The role of GABAergic transmission in schizophrenia has recently risen in significance [54] Tryptophan and Serotonin are centrally involved in the pathogenesis of depression [9] Modifying dopamine levels may have therapeutic applications for depression [21] GABA has been associated with treating depression [31] Glutamatergic signaling has been linked to depression [42,44] Tryptophan and serotonin also play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of anxiety [9] Modifying dopamine levels can have therapeutic applications for anxiety [21] GABA can also reduce anxiety [31] Modifying dopamine levels can have therapeutic applications on autism [21] Glutamate metabolization may be linked to autism [38,42] Microbiota effect on the neurotransmitters -Numerous bacterial species have reportedly expressed serotonin-synthesizing properties [14] -Gut commensal strains Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have been found able to produce GABA [54] -Altering gut microbial may modify the metabolism of d-amino acids…”

Section: Schizophrenia Depression Anxiety Disorder Autism Spectrum Di...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The correlation between gut microbiota and both neurotransmitters and mental disorders: A narrative review

Mhanna,

Martini,

Hmaydoosh

et al. 2024

Medicine

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The gastrointestinal tract is embedded with microorganisms of numerous genera, referred to as gut microbiota. Gut microbiota has multiple effects on many body organs, including the brain. There is a bidirectional connection between the gut and brain called the gut-brain-axis, and these connections are formed through immunological, neuronal, and neuroendocrine pathways. In addition, gut microbiota modulates the synthesis and functioning of neurotransmitters. Therefore, the disruption of the gut microbiota in the composition or function, which is known as dysbiosis, is associated with the pathogenesis of many mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression, and other psychiatric disorders. This review aims to summarize the modulation role of the gut microbiota in 4 prominent neurotransmitters (tryptophan and serotonergic system, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutamate), as well as its association with 4 psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, depression, anxiety disorders, and autism spectrum disorder). More future research is required to develop efficient gut-microbiota-based therapies for these illnesses.

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Section: Gut Microbiota and Asdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Schizophrenia Depression Anxiety Disorder Autism Spectrum Di...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The correlation between gut microbiota and both neurotransmitters and mental disorders: A narrative review

Mhanna,

Martini,

Hmaydoosh

et al. 2024

Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This duality of neuroprotective/antidepressant effects are likely due to some overlap of circuitries as well as common neurobiological substrates involved in dysregulation of mood and neurodegenerative phenotypes, particularly in PD (Tizabi 2016 ; Tizabi et al 2019 ). Moreover, recent advances also strongly connect gut microbiota not only with neurodegenerative diseases as discussed above but also with pain (Russo et al, 2018 ), neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism (Almeida et al 2020 ; Lungba et al 2020 ; O'Connor et al 2021 ), neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia (Dinan and Cryan 2020 ; Kelly et al 2020 ), and particularly depression (Caspani et al 2019 ; Cruz-Pereira and Cryan, 2020 ). Several mechanisms including deficits in neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, reduced cortical and hippocampal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), exaggerated hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis response, and neuroinflammation have been implicated in dysbiosis and depressive-like characteristics (Caspani et al 2019 ; Getachew et al 2019b ; Getachew and Tizabi 2019 ; Cruz-Pereira and Cryan 2020 ).…”

Section: Butyratementioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Pharmacotherapies in Parkinson’s Disease

2021

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Parkinson’s disease (PD), an age-related progressive neurodegenerative condition, is associated with loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which results in motor deficits characterized by the following: akinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability, as well as nonmotor symptoms such as emotional changes, particularly depression, cognitive impairment, gastrointestinal, and autonomic dysfunction. The most common treatment for PD is focused on dopamine (DA) replacement (e.g., levodopa = L-Dopa), which unfortunately losses its efficacy over months or years and can induce severe dyskinesia. Hence, more efficacious interventions without such adverse effects are urgently needed. In this review, following a general description of PD, potential novel therapeutic interventions for this devastating disease are examined. Specifically, the focus is on nicotine and nicotinic cholinergic system, as well as butyrate, a short chain fatty acid (SCFA), and fatty acid receptors.

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“…Multiple studies have found evidence that the gut-microbiome-brain axis is important for the mental and cognitive health of children with ASD [14][15][16]. Despite this, there have been relatively few clinical studies in humans that provide clear evidence of the role in the aetiology of neurodevelopmental disorders [17,18]. On the other hand, a paper published in 2021 by Yap et al [19] establishes that the microbiota does not participate in autistic manifestations and that gut dysbiosis is a consequence of central symptoms in ASD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiome–Gut–Mucosal–Immune–Brain Axis and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Novel Proposal of the Role of the Gut Microbiome in ASD Aetiology

Sales-Millán

Aguirre-Garrido

González-Cervantes

et al. 2023

Behavioral Sciences

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by deficits in social interaction and communication, as well as restricted and stereotyped interests. Due of the high prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders in individuals with ASD, researchers have investigated the gut microbiota as a potential contributor to its aetiology. The relationship between the microbiome, gut, and brain (microbiome–gut–brain axis) has been acknowledged as a key factor in modulating brain function and social behaviour, but its connection to the aetiology of ASD is not well understood. Recently, there has been increasing attention on the relationship between the immune system, gastrointestinal disorders and neurological issues in ASD, particularly in relation to the loss of specific species or a decrease in microbial diversity. It focuses on how gut microbiota dysbiosis can affect gut permeability, immune function and microbiota metabolites in ASD. However, a very complete study suggests that dysbiosis is a consequence of the disease and that it has practically no effect on autistic manifestations. This is a review of the relationship between the immune system, microbial diversity and the microbiome–gut–brain axis in the development of autistic symptoms severity and a proposal of a novel role of gut microbiome in ASD, where dysbiosis is a consequence of ASD-related behaviour and where dysbiosis in turn accentuates the autistic manifestations of the patients via the microbiome–gut–brain axis in a feedback circuit.

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The Role of the Gut Microbiota and the Immune System in the Development of Autism

Cited by 10 publications

References 33 publications

The correlation between gut microbiota and both neurotransmitters and mental disorders: A narrative review

The correlation between gut microbiota and both neurotransmitters and mental disorders: A narrative review

Novel Pharmacotherapies in Parkinson’s Disease

Microbiome–Gut–Mucosal–Immune–Brain Axis and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Novel Proposal of the Role of the Gut Microbiome in ASD Aetiology

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