The role of the<i>Candida albicans</i>histidine kinase [<i>CHK1</i>) gene in the regulation of cell wall mannan and glucan biosynthesis

Kruppa, Michael; Goins, Tresa; Cutler, Jim E.; Lowman, Douglas W.; Williams, David L.; Chauhan, Neeraj; Menon, Veena; Singh, Praveen; Li, Dongmei; Calderone, Richard

doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2003.tb00170.x

Cited by 24 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…C. albicans group X HHK Chk1 plays a crucial role in morphogenesis (especially the yeast to hyphae switch), virulence, peroxide adaptation, cell wall composition, quorum sensing, biofilm formation and triazole resistance [31,32,34,35,[44][45][46][47][48].Furthermore, during fungal infection, C. albicans Chk1 is required for survival in human neutrophils and adherence to ex vivo human esophageal cells [37][38][39][40]. Therefore, all these studies suggest that group X HHK represents an guilliermondii chk1∆ mutant strain and carried out a series of phenotypic analyses that were previously investigated in the C. albicans chk1∆ mutant (above mentioned).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Group X hybrid histidine kinase Chk1 is dispensable for stress adaptation, host–pathogen interactions and virulence in the opportunistic yeast Candida guilliermondii

Navarro-Arias

Dementhon

Defosse

et al. 2017

Research in Microbiology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Group X hybrid histidine kinase Chk1 is dispensable for stress adaptation, host–pathogen interactions and virulence in the opportunistic yeast Candida guilliermondii

Navarro-Arias

Dementhon

Defosse

et al. 2017

Research in Microbiology

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“…A fourth up-regulated gene (GPH1) encodes a glycogen phosphorylase, which is regulated via the Hog1p pathway during osmotic shock (3.2-fold) (51). The three other up-regulated genes, CHK1 (4.37-fold), FLO1 (4.4-fold), and MNN4-4 (4.44-fold), either encode cell wall biosynthetic enzymes (MNN4-4), regulate cell wall biosynthesis (CHK1) (27), or encode a cell surface protein (FLO1). As for the genes encoding a cell wall function, we observed that ALS1 is down regulated (0.35-fold) ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent data also point to an increase in trehalose production during oxidative stress (4), although our array analysis did not indicate changes in the expression of genes involved in trehalose biosynthesis. Finally, CSSK1 appears to regulate the expression of certain cell wall proteins (Mnn4p, Als1p1, and Flo1p [25,35]) and a two-component histidine kinase, CHK1, that regulates cell wall synthesis (27). Up regulation of MNN4 in S. cerevisiae during stress responses has been demonstrated (35).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Candida albicansResponse Regulator GeneSSK1Regulates a Subset of Genes Whose Functions Are Associated with Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Adaptation to Oxidative Stress

et al. 2003

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Ssk1p of Candida albicans is a putative response regulator protein of the Hog1 two-component signal transduction system. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the phosphorylation state of Ssk1p determines whether genes that promote the adaptation of cells to osmotic stress are activated. We have previously shown that C. albicans SSK1 does not complement the ssk1 mutant of S. cerevisiae and that the ssk1 mutant of C. albicans is not sensitive to sorbitol. In this study, we show that the C. albicans ssk1 mutant is sensitive to several oxidants, including hydrogen peroxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, menadione, and potassium superoxide when each is incorporated in yeast extract-peptone-dextrose (YPD) agar medium. We used DNA microarrays to identify genes whose regulation is affected by the ssk1 mutation. RNA from mutant cells (strain CSSK21) grown in YPD medium for 3 h at 30°C was reverse transcribed and then compared with similarly prepared RNA from wild-type cells (CAF2). We observed seven genes from mutant cells that were consistently up regulated (three-fold or greater compared to CAF2). In S. cerevisiae, three (AHP1, HSP12, and PYC2) of the seven genes that were up regulated provide cells with an adaptation function in response to oxidative stress; another gene (GPH1) is regulated under stress conditions by Hog1p. Three other genes that are up regulated encode a cell surface protein (FLO1), a mannosyl transferase (MNN4-4), and a putative two-component histidine kinase (CHK1) that regulates cell wall biosynthesis in C. albicans. Of the down-regulated genes, ALS1 is a known cell adhesin in C. albicans. Verification of the microarray data was obtained by reverse transcription-PCR for HSP12, AHP1, CHK1, PYC2, GPH1, ALS1, MNN4-4, and FLO1. To further determine the function of Ssk1p in the Hog1p signal transduction pathway in C. albicans, we used Western blot analysis to measure phosphorylation of Hog1p in the ssk1 mutant of C. albicans when grown under either osmotic or oxidative stress. We observed that Hog1p was phosphorylated in the ssk1 mutant of C. albicans when grown in a hyperosmotic medium but was not phosphorylated in the ssk1 mutant when the latter was grown in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. These data indicate that C. albicans utilizes the Ssk1p response regulator protein to adapt cells to oxidative stress, while its role in the adaptation to osmotic stress is less certain. Further, SSK1 appears to have a regulatory function in some aspects of cell wall biosynthesis. Thus, the functions of C. albicans SSK1 differ from those of S. cerevisiae SSK1.

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“…High-osmolarity glycerol response pathway (Hog1) gene response in C. albicans is activated to various stress conditions [ 32 ]. In addition, Candida albicans histidine kinase (CHK1) gene in C. albicans regulates mannan and glucan biosynthesis in the cell wall [ 33 ]. The quaternized chitosan triggered the expression of Hog1 and CHK1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Fully Deacetylated Quaternized Chitosan with Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity and Low Cytotoxicity

et al. 2022

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Fully deacetylated quaternary chitosan (DQCTS) was prepared by replacing the carboxyl group of chitosan with a quaternary ammonium salt. The DQCTS was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The antimicrobial activity of DQCTS was evaluated using the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) methods and time-kill assay. DQCTS exhibited strong antibacterial and antifungal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157: H7, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus flavus. Especially, the antifungal activity against C. albicans of DQCTS was greatly improved at 15.6 µg/mL of MIC and 31.3 µg/mL of minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). Expression levels of virulence genes of microorganisms were also significantly decreased by DQCTS treatment, and the risk of virulence of microorganisms might be decreased. The result of the cytotoxic effect of DQCTS on human skin cells (HaCaT cells) indicated that the cytotoxicity of DQCTS on HaCaT cells was nearly non-toxic at 50 μg/mL. The DQCTS, with strong antimicrobial and low toxicity, has a high potential for use in functional food packaging and biomedical applications.

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The role of theCandida albicanshistidine kinase [CHK1) gene in the regulation of cell wall mannan and glucan biosynthesis

Cited by 24 publications

References 69 publications

Group X hybrid histidine kinase Chk1 is dispensable for stress adaptation, host–pathogen interactions and virulence in the opportunistic yeast Candida guilliermondii

Group X hybrid histidine kinase Chk1 is dispensable for stress adaptation, host–pathogen interactions and virulence in the opportunistic yeast Candida guilliermondii

Candida albicansResponse Regulator GeneSSK1Regulates a Subset of Genes Whose Functions Are Associated with Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Adaptation to Oxidative Stress

Synthesis of Fully Deacetylated Quaternized Chitosan with Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity and Low Cytotoxicity

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