“…In marked contrast, the RIS3 approach requires regions to undertake explicit evidence-based assessments of a region's needs and possibilities, to undertake a consultation and stakeholder engagement process in order to help proprieties to be identified and articulated, to ensure that local and regional stakeholders genuinely play a significant role both in designing and delivering the strategies, and also to develop and explicit programme for monitoring and evaluating the progress of the policy (McCann, 2015). The adoption and translation of the smart specialization concept to the regional context allowed the approach to be transformed into a policy tool which could be made workable and practicable in different contexts and in difference institutional and economic environments (McCann & Ortega-Argilés, 2013a, 2013b, 2014a, 2014b. However, heterogeneity is a key feature of the EU regional context, with enormously varying economic and institutional realities (McCann, 2015), and the ease with which regions take up and genuinely embody the RIS3 approach within their policy-making agenda appears to depend heavily both on their policy-making history and also their institutional capabilities (Kroll, 2015c).…”