The role of thermodynamics and kinetics in rubber–bitumen systems: a theoretical overview

Wang, Haopeng; Apostolidis, Panos; Zhu, Jiqing; Liu, Xueyan; Skarpas, Athanasios; Erkens, Sandra

doi:10.1080/10298436.2020.1724289

Cited by 65 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(99 reference statements)

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“…However, the black carbon content in our samples is approximately 5 times higher than in that study, while the residue was 5–7% in our study and five times higher in the study by Redondo-Hasselerharm et al ( 2018 ). However, the percentages of carbon black and residue in crumb rubber from scrap tires reported by Wang et al ( 2020 ) were similar to our results, which suggests their validity. The clear differences in the contents of carbon black and residues might be due to the origin of the particles used (tread tire particles vs particles from whole tire).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Toxicity of Tire Rubber Microplastics to Freshwater Sediment Organisms

Carrasco-Navarro

Nuutinen

Sorvari

et al. 2021

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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High emission of tire rubber particles to the surrounding environment is an inevitable consequence of the current habits of transportation. Although most of the emissions stay within a close range of the sources, it has been proven that the smallest particles can be transported to remote locations through the atmosphere, including inland water bodies. It has been estimated that a relevant portion of the global emissions of tire rubber particles reach surface waters, but effects on aquatic life in the receiving water bodies are not completely understood. In the present study, we used the freshwater sediment dwellers Lumbriculus variegatus and Chironomus riparius to examine the toxicity of tire rubber particles at environmentally relevant concentrations, using different types of sediment and two particle sizes of tire rubber. Overall, the experiments were unable to discern any effects on the growth, survival or reproduction of the two animals tested. Significant differences were found among the animals dwelling on different sediments, but the effects were not attributable to the presence of tire rubber particles. This study provides important information regarding the lack of effect of tire rubber particles in laboratory experiments with model sediment dwellers and opens more questions about the potential effects of tire rubber particles in the real environment with longer durations and varying environmental factors. The influence of other factors such as the leaching of additives in the overall toxicity of tire rubber particles should be also considered.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Toxicity of Tire Rubber Microplastics to Freshwater Sediment Organisms

Carrasco-Navarro

Nuutinen

Sorvari

et al. 2021

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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“…The potential use of a crumb rubber as a bitumen modifier has been extensively studied due to its technical and environmental benefits: the effect of rubber modification is comparable to that of styrene-butadiene-styrene modification, but it can provide a significant cost saving due to the high price of virgin SBS together with the prevention of accumulation of this waste material in landfill [ 19 , 20 ]. Recently, some authors also focused on the effect of aging on the wet blend (crumb rubber dispersed in bitumen) as well as on the role of thermodynamics and kinetics in rubber–bitumen systems [ 21 , 22 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Short-Term Aging on Mechanical Properties and Morphology of Polymer-Modified Bitumen with Recycled Plastics from Waste Materials

et al. 2020

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Polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) is bitumen that has been specifically engineered with polymer for providing enhanced performance in service. The aging of bitumen is a main aspect that is able to affect its final performance: during the production phase in a hot mix plant, all the binders experience short-term aging due to the high processing temperature. The same is true during the production of the modified binder, when the polymer is dispersed at high temperature in the bitumen mass. This paper aims at studying the effect of short-term aging when using different types of modifiers such as recycled polymers obtained from waste materials. A 50/70 penetration-grade bitumen has been modified, and bitumen characterization has been carried out before and after short-term aging; conventional tests, viscosity measurements, and dynamical mechanical analysis have been used to investigate the properties. Different aging indices have been determined for predicting the effect of short-term aging based on the type of modifier. Furthermore, the morphology of the modified bitumen has been investigated via fluorescent microscopy, before and after aging, in order to highlight morphological changes due to aging. The results confirm that aging affects all the modified binders, due to the thermal stress imposed during PMBs production. Nevertheless, polymer modification is proved to reduce the aging effect in terms of an increase in the elastic modulus as experienced by the original binder.

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“…e development of CRM binder properties is mainly controlled by the rubberasphalt interaction and has a significant effect on asphalt binder's storage stability. During the asphalt-rubber interaction, two phases occur: rubber particle swelling and rubber degradation [33][34][35].…”

Section: Production Of Rubberized Warm MIX Asphalt Bindersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation of Crumb Rubber Asphalt Modified with Silicone‐Based Warm Mix Additives

Lushinga

Cao

Zhang

et al. 2020

Advances in Civil Engineering

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This research was conducted to elucidate better understanding of the performance of crumb rubber asphalt modified with silicone-based warm mix additives. Two different silicone-based warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives (herein Tego XP and Addibit) were used to prepare crumb rubber modified (CRM) warm mix asphalt binders. The viscosity of these CRM binders was measured at different temperatures and shearing rates. Furthermore, softening point and penetration tests, Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR), Time Sweep (TS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Frequency sweep (FS), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) tests were also conducted on prepared samples. Based on these robust and rigorous laboratory experiments, it was established that viscosity of CRM binders was reduced by addition of Tego XP and Addibit WMA additives. However, WMA additives had different influence on rheological properties of the binder. CRM binder with Tego XP improved resistance to rutting of the binders but would degrade the fatigue performance. On the contrary, viscoelastic continuum damage (VECD) model results and those of phase angle approach revealed that the binder with Addibit improved resistance to fatigue cracking of the binders but had no adverse effects on high temperature rutting performance. FTIR test results established a presence of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in CRM binders with Tego XP and Addibit. PDMS is a well-known hydrophobic organic and inorganic polymer that is water repellent; therefore, binders containing these silicone-based warm mix additives could be beneficial in resisting moisture damage in asphalt binders and mixtures. Morphology of CRM binders with and without WMA revealed good distribution of the rubber particles in asphalt binder matrix. Further addition of WMA increased surface roughness of the binder, which can be correlated to changes in microstructure properties of the binder. Therefore, the study concluded that addition of Tego XP and Addibit reduces viscosity and improves mechanical properties of the asphalt binder.

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The role of thermodynamics and kinetics in rubber–bitumen systems: a theoretical overview

Cited by 65 publications

References 78 publications

Toxicity of Tire Rubber Microplastics to Freshwater Sediment Organisms

Toxicity of Tire Rubber Microplastics to Freshwater Sediment Organisms

Influence of Short-Term Aging on Mechanical Properties and Morphology of Polymer-Modified Bitumen with Recycled Plastics from Waste Materials

Performance Evaluation of Crumb Rubber Asphalt Modified with Silicone‐Based Warm Mix Additives

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