The Role of Thyroid Hormones on Skeletal Muscle Thermogenesis

Abstract

Nowadays obesity becomes a significant global problem. Hence, recently more and more attention has been paid to substances present in the body that have a significant impact on metabolic processes and thermogenesis, in the context of their potential use in the prevention and treatment of obesity. It is well known that the relationship between thyroid hormones and obesity is multilayered, however recently, more and more information about the possible relation between thyroid hormones and muscle metabolism has been published. The aim of this review is to present the most updated information on the physiological impact of thyroid hormones on muscle tissue, as well as pathological changes related to the occurrence of various types of thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and sick euthyroid syndrome. However, the data in humans still remains insufficient, and further studies are needed to fully explore the thyroid-muscle cross-talk.

Relationships between Uncoupling Protein Genes UCP1, UCP2 and UCP3 and Irisin Levels in Residents of the Coldest Region of Siberia

“…In an in vitro study by Vaughan et al [ 76 ], it was found that trypsin-treated myocytes demonstrated enhanced oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis and increased expression of UCP3. Therefore, irisin and UCP3 may play an important role in shivering thermogenesis [ 77 ]. Thus, when exposed to low temperatures, shivering thermogenesis is activated in the body, which is accompanied by a contraction of skeletal muscles, during which irisin is released and UCP3 expression begins.…”

“…Experimental data have shown that ROS production is increased in mice with knockout UCP3 [ 79 , 80 ]. Since irisin can stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis [ 77 ], in which the number of mitochondrial copies in myocytes increases to produce a large volume of ATP, the amount of ROS increases and lipid peroxidation processes are activated. The uncoupling protein UCP3 inhibits the production of ROS in mitochondria, by reducing the mitochondrial membrane potential [ 74 ].…”

“… Possible mechanisms of action of irisin in shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis. Note: the dotted rectangle is a possible mechanism based on other studies [ 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 72 , 77 ]. Shivering thermogenesis: when exposed to cold on the body, shivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscles is primarily activated.…”

Selenium in Bodily Homeostasis: Hypothalamus, Hormones, and Highways of Communication

“…Activation of the HPT axis has a direct impact on energy homeostasis and an imbalance within the axis can make an organism more vulnerable to developing metabolic disorders and obesity [ 168 ]. Among the major physiological processes affected by thyroid hormones are energy expenditure, thermogenesis, liver metabolism, bone homeostasis, and cardiovascular function [ 169 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 173 , 174 ]. Selenium plays an essential role in the HPT axis as the DIO selenoprotein sub-family is responsible for the activation and de-activation of thyroid hormones via deiodination [ 175 , 176 ].…”

Зміни Мікробіоти Кишківника Під Впливом Метформіну, Піоглітазону Та Левотироксину У Пацієнтів З Цукровим Діабетом 2-Го Типу, Надмірною Вагою Та Гіпотиреозом.

“…Відмічено також зсув ІМТ від більш високих значень до показників, близьких до нормального рівня, що як вважаємо, вдалося досягти завдяки поєднанню метформіну із левотироксином. Беручи до уваги дані, отримані іншими дослідниками, можемо стверджувати, що не лише прямий влив метформіну на ІР та левотироксину на відновлення метаболізму міг мати ефект відносно ваги пацієнтів, а також дія даних препаратів на ХІТ та здатність впливати на композицію КМ [5,7,8].…”