The Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Retroviral Infection

Browne, Edward P.

doi:10.3390/microorganisms8111787

Cited by 47 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 151 publications

(181 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…RVs can be detected by several systems such as endosomal TLRs, which can recognize viral dsRNA (TLR-3) and ssRNA (TLR-7 and -8), in addition to dsDNA (TLR-9) [ 142 ].…”

Section: Role Of Specific Viral Infections In Slementioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Infections and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: New Players in an Old Story

Quaglia

Merlotti

Andrea

et al. 2021

Viruses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A causal link between viral infections and autoimmunity has been studied for a long time and the role of some viruses in the induction or exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in genetically predisposed patients has been proved. The strength of the association between different viral agents and SLE is variable. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), parvovirus B19 (B19V), and human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are involved in SLE pathogenesis, whereas other viruses such as Cytomegalovirus (CMV) probably play a less prominent role. However, the mechanisms of viral–host interactions and the impact of viruses on disease course have yet to be elucidated. In addition to classical mechanisms of viral-triggered autoimmunity, such as molecular mimicry and epitope spreading, there has been a growing appreciation of the role of direct activation of innate response by viral nucleic acids and epigenetic modulation of interferon-related immune response. The latter is especially important for HERVs, which may represent the molecular link between environmental triggers and critical immune genes. Virus-specific proteins modulating interaction with the host immune system have been characterized especially for Epstein–Barr virus and explain immune evasion, persistent infection and self-reactive B-cell “immortalization”. Knowledge has also been expanding on key viral proteins of B19-V and CMV and their possible association with specific phenotypes such as antiphospholipid syndrome. This progress may pave the way to new therapeutic perspectives, including the use of known or new antiviral drugs, postviral immune response modulation and innate immunity inhibition. We herein describe the state-of-the-art knowledge on the role of viral infections in SLE, with a focus on their mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic targets.

show abstract

“…RVs can be detected by several systems such as endosomal TLRs, which can recognize viral dsRNA (TLR-3) and ssRNA (TLR-7 and -8), in addition to dsDNA (TLR-9) [ 142 ].…”

Section: Role Of Specific Viral Infections In Slementioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Infections and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: New Players in an Old Story

Quaglia

Merlotti

Andrea

et al. 2021

Viruses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Genetic studies in humans have pointed to a role for TLR SNPs, especially TLR7, in HIV infection and their association with viral loads. The presence of the most frequent TLR7 polymorphisms, TLR7 Gln11Leu (rs179008), was associated with increased viral load and altered CD4 T cell counts during HIV infection [53,54] while polymorphisms in TLR7 (re179010) and TLR8 (rs3764880) may reduce the risk of disease by participating in inhibition of viral load leading to the slower progression of infection [28,55,56]. Our results revealed that 9 out 14 identified polymorphisms were significantly associated with the SRLVs proviral concentration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Genes Encoding Toll-Like Receptors 7 and 8 and Their Association with Proviral Load of SRLVs in Goats of Polish Carpathian Breed

Olech

Ropka‐Molik

Szmatoła

et al. 2021

Animals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 8 are important in single-stranded viral RNA recognition, so genetic variation of these genes may play a role in SRLVs infection and disease progression. Present study aimed to identify SNPs in genes encoding TLR7 and TLR8 in goats of Carpathian breed and analyze their association with the SRLVs provirus concentration as index of disease progression. A total of 14 SNPs were detected, 6 SNPs in the TLR7 gene locus and 8 SNPs in the TLR8 gene. Nine of the 14 identified polymorphisms, 4 in the TLR7 gene and 5 in TLR8 gene, were significantly associated with the SRLVs proviral concentration. These SNPs were located in 3′UTR, 5′UTR and intron sequences as well as in the coding sequences, but they led to silent changes. Homozygous genotypes of three TLR7 SNPs (synonymous variant 1:50703293, 3′UTR variant 1:50701297 and 5′UTR variant 1:50718645) were observed in goats with lower provirus copy number as well as in seronegative animals. The results obtained in this study suggest that SNPs of TLR7/TLR8 genes may induce differential innate immune response towards SRLVs affecting proviral concentration and thereby disease pathogenesis and progression. These findings support a role for genetic variations of TLR7 and TLR8 in SRLVs infection and warrants further studies on the effect of TLR7/TLR8 polymorphisms on SRLVs infection in different populations.

show abstract

“…Numerous retroviral pathogens have also been identified in many vertebrates [ 49 ]. Retroviruses can be detected by several TLRs, which may contribute to the anti-retroviral response [ 50 ]. The suitability of TLR agonists as therapeutic tools in retroviral infections are underway [ 50 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Retroviruses can be detected by several TLRs, which may contribute to the anti-retroviral response [ 50 ]. The suitability of TLR agonists as therapeutic tools in retroviral infections are underway [ 50 ]. Although TLRs are believed as key regulators of the anti-retroviral immune response, much remains to be learnt about the mechanisms by which TLR stimulation can inhibit, or enhance, retroviral infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toll-Like Receptor Expression Profiles in Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Infected with Multiple KoRV Subtypes

Kayesh

Hashem

Tsukiyama-Kohara

2021

Animals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors, play an important role in innate immunity by recognizing microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Koala retrovirus (KoRV), a major koala pathogen, exists in both endogenous (KoRV-A) and exogenous forms (KoRV-B to J). However, the expression profile of TLRs in koalas infected with KoRV-A and other subtypes is yet to characterize. Here, we investigated TLR expression profiles in koalas with a range of subtype infection profiles (KoRV-A only vs. KoRV-A with KoRV-B and/or -C). To this end, we cloned partial sequences for TLRs (TLR2–10 and TLR13), developed real-time PCR assays, and determined TLRs mRNA expression patterns in koala PBMCs and/or tissues. All the reported TLRs for koala were expressed in PBMCs, and variations in TLR expression were observed in koalas infected with exogenous subtypes (KoRV-B and KoRV-C) compared to the endogenous subtype (KoRV-A) only, which indicates the implications of TLRs in KoRV infection. TLRs were also found to be differentially expressed in koala tissues. This is the first report of TLR expression profiles in koala, which provides insights into koala’s immune response to KoRV infection that could be utilized for the future exploitation of TLR modulators in the maintenance of koala health.

show abstract

The Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Retroviral Infection

Cited by 47 publications

References 151 publications

Viral Infections and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: New Players in an Old Story

Viral Infections and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: New Players in an Old Story

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Genes Encoding Toll-Like Receptors 7 and 8 and Their Association with Proviral Load of SRLVs in Goats of Polish Carpathian Breed

Toll-Like Receptor Expression Profiles in Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Infected with Multiple KoRV Subtypes

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About