The Role of Two Human Milk Oligosaccharides, 2′-Fucosyllactose and Lacto-N-Neotetraose, in Infant Nutrition

Hegar, Badriul; Wibowo, Yulianti; Basrowi, Ray Wagiu; Ranuh, Reza Gunadi; Sudarmo, Subianto Marto; Munasir, Zakiudin; Atthiyah, Alpha Fardah; Widodo, Ariani Dewi; Supriatmo,; Kadim, Muzal; Suryawan, Ahmad; Diana, Ninung Rose; Manoppo, Christy; Vandenplas, Yvan

doi:10.5223/pghn.2019.22.4.330

Cited by 100 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…Two fucosyltransferases-FUT2 (encoded by the secretory gene based on the 19q13.3 gene) and FUT3 (encoded by the so-called Lewis gene based on the 19p13.3 gene)-play a key role in HMO fucosylation. Both of these genes are expressed in the glandular epithelium [14]. Seventy-nine percent of mothers have the active gene for fucosyltransferase (FUT2).…”

Section: Neutral (Fucosylated) Hmomentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Health Benefits, Potential Applications in Infant Formulas, and Pharmacology

et al. 2020

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The first months of life are a special time for the health development and protection of infants. Breastfeeding is the natural and best way of feeding an infant, and positively influences their development and health. Breast milk provides the ideal balance of nutrients for the infant and contains countless bioactive ingredients such as immunoglobulins, hormones, oligosaccharides and others. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a very important and interesting constituent of human milk, and are the third most abundant solid component after lactose and lipids. They are a structurally and biologically diverse group of complex indigestible sugars. This article will discuss the mechanisms of action of HMOs in infants, such as their anti-adhesive properties, properties modulating the immune system, and impact on bacterial flora development. Many health benefits result from consuming HMOs. They also may decrease the risk of infection by their interactions with viruses, bacteria or protozoa. The commercial use of HMOs in infant formula, future directions, and research on the use of HMOs as a therapy will be discussed.

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Section: Neutral (Fucosylated) Hmomentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Health Benefits, Potential Applications in Infant Formulas, and Pharmacology

et al. 2020

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“…HMOsare produced only in lactating mammary glands, which are not found in infant formulas, but recently, various types of oligosaccha rides have been added to infant formulas. 6,7) Immediately after birth, the gut is sterile, but to prevent various infections after birth, the infant intestine must adapt to various circumstances and acquire an immune system. While direct ingestion of various bioactive compounds in HBM affects immunity, acquisition of intestinal colonization as an antimicrobial factor is also important.…”

Section: Micrornasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3][4][5] In recent years, various infant formulas have been developed for greater similarity to HBM and are being supplemented with breast milk-specific ingredients, such as human milk oligosaccharide (HMO). [6][7][8] Although these formulas are similar to HBM in terms of many components, there is no perfect substitute for HBM. 9) This makes it imperative to discuss the components that make HBM more suitable than infant formulas for humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Components of human breast milk: from macronutrient to microbiome and microRNA

Kim

2020

Clin Exp Pediatr

169

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Human breast milk (HBM) is essential for the infant’s growth and development right after birth and is an irreplaceable source of nutrition for early human survival. Various infant formulas have many similarities to HBM in many components, but there is no perfect substitute for HBM. Recently, various breast milk components and their roles have been studied according to the development of various analysis techniques. As is already well known, HBM contains about 87%–88% water, and 124- g/L solid components as macronutrients, including about 7% (60–70 g/L) carbohydrates, 1% (8–10 g/L) protein, and 3.8% (35–40 g/L) fat. The composition may vary depending on the environmental factors, including maternal diet. Colostrum is low in fat but high in protein and relatively rich in immuneprotective components. Although HBM contains enough vitamins to ensure normal growth of the infant, vitamins D and K may be insufficient, and the infant may require their supplementation. Growth factors in HBM also serve as various bioactive proteins and peptides on the intestinal tract, vasculature, nervous system, and endocrine system. In the past, HBM of a healthy mother was thought to be sterile. However, several subsequent studies have confirmed the presence of rich and diverse microbial communities in HBM. Some studies suggested that the genera <i>Staphylococcus</i> and <i>Streptococcus</i> may be universally predominant in HBM, but the origin of microbiota still remains controversial. Lastly, milk is the one of most abundant body fluid of microRNAs, which are known to play a role in various functions, such as immunoprotection and developmental programming, through delivering from HBM and absorption by intestinal epithelial cells. In conclusion, HBM is the most important source of nutrition for infants and includes microbiomes and miRNAs for growth, development, and immunity.

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“…Moreover, recent reports [16,157] show that interest in the addition of fucosylated oligosaccharides, mainly 2 -FL, is growing not only for infant formula, but also in highly specialized food preparations that can be used in the clinic and which are extremely important for the health of the general public. Additionally, to meet the needs, new techniques have been developed that allow the determination of fucosylated milk oligosaccharides such as 2 -FL and 3-FL not only in breast milk, but also to control levels in commercially available infant formulas [164].…”

Section: Fucosylated Hmos and Bovine Glycoproteins In Infant Formulamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most important beneficial glycoconjugates of breast milk include free milk oligosaccharides (HMOs, human milk oligosaccharides), glycoproteins involved in specific (S-IgA, secretory immunoglobulin A, IgM, immunoglobulin M and IgG, immunoglobulin G) and nonspecific immunity (LF, lactoferrin) and glycolipids [10][11][12][13][14]. HMOs present in breast milk are the third largest milk fraction after lactose and fat (human milk contains approximately 70, 41 and 5-20 g of lactose, fat and oligosaccharides per liter, respectively) [5,[15][16][17]. HMOs are based on a lactose molecule (disaccharide made of a galactose (Gal) linked by a β1, 4-glycosidic bond to a glucose (Glc)) to which other monosaccharides, such as N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), Gal, fucose (Fuc) and sialic acid (Neu5Ac), can be attached.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Dietary Fucosylated Oligosaccharides and Glycoproteins of Human Milk on Infant Well-Being

Orczyk-Pawiłowicz

Lis-Kuberka

2020

Nutrients

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Apart from optimal nutritional value, human milk is the feeding strategy to support the immature immunological system of developing newborns and infants. The most beneficial dietary carbohydrate components of breast milk are human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and glycoproteins (HMGs), involved in both specific and nonspecific immunity. Fucosylated oligosaccharides represent the largest fraction of human milk oligosaccharides, with the simplest and the most abundant being 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL). Fucosylated oligosaccharides, as well as glycans of glycoproteins, as beneficial dietary sugars, elicit anti-adhesive properties against fucose-dependent pathogens, and on the other hand are crucial for growth and metabolism of beneficial bacteria, and in this aspect participate in shaping a healthy microbiome. Well-documented secretor status related differences in the fucosylation profile of HMOs and HMGs may play a key but underestimated role in assessment of susceptibility to fucose-dependent pathogen infections, with a potential impact on applied clinical procedures. Nevertheless, due to genetic factors, about 20% of mothers do not provide their infants with beneficial dietary carbohydrates such as 2′-FL and other α1,2-fucosylated oligosaccharides and glycans of glycoproteins, despite breastfeeding them. The lack of such structures may have important implications for a wide range of aspects of infant well-being and healthcare. In light of the above, some artificial mixtures used in infant nutrition are supplemented with 2′-FL to more closely approximate the unique composition of maternal milk, including dietary-derived fucosylated oligosaccharides and glycoproteins.

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The Role of Two Human Milk Oligosaccharides, 2′-Fucosyllactose and Lacto-N-Neotetraose, in Infant Nutrition

Cited by 100 publications

References 63 publications

Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Health Benefits, Potential Applications in Infant Formulas, and Pharmacology

Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Health Benefits, Potential Applications in Infant Formulas, and Pharmacology

Components of human breast milk: from macronutrient to microbiome and microRNA

The Impact of Dietary Fucosylated Oligosaccharides and Glycoproteins of Human Milk on Infant Well-Being

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