The role of waterbirds in the dispersal of aquatic alien and invasive species

Abstract

Aim To review existing literature on the ability of waterbirds to spread aquatic alien and invasive species, and to assess the relevance of bird-mediated dispersal for the conservation of freshwater ecosystems.Location Global. Methods Literature Review.Results A systematic review of the literature revealed that quantitative studies investigating dispersal of alien organisms by waterbirds are rare (n = 14). Most studies citing waterbird dispersal rely on anecdotes or inferences from morphological dispersal syndromes. However, evidence from each stage of dispersal (i.e. emigration, transport and immigration) shows that waterbirds can carry alien plants and invertebrates internally and externally; transport them between water bodies at a variety of spatial scales; and deposit viable propagules in sites suited to aquatic invasive species.Main conclusions Our review suggests that waterbirds can and do act as important dispersal vectors for freshwater invasive species. Further experimental and field based research on the numbers and viability of moved alien propagules, and the roles of different species in the bird community, is needed. Furthermore, consideration of the spatially explicit manner in which birds move is imperative to understanding invasive spread. Populations of alien aquatic species in seemingly isolated wetlands can no longer be considered contained if they are able to be spread through waterbird-mediated dispersal, and containment measures must recognize such opportunities for further spread. Changing waterbird movement patterns, driven by climate and land use change, further add to the challenge of managing invasive species and offers an interesting opportunity for future research. The study of waterbird-mediated dispersal of aquatic alien invasive species provides insights not only into species invasions, but more generally into movement ecology, population ecology and biogeography.

Seed dispersal by waterbirds in southern Africa: comparing the roles of ectozoochory and endozoochory

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Herbivory on freshwater and marine macrophytes: A review and perspective

“…Propagule dispersal by aquatic herbivores may also entail negative effects for native species and ecosystems when it mediates the arrival and spread of alien species (Reynolds et al, 2015). Examples include both plant and invertebrate species (Charalambidou et al, 2003;Brochet et al, 2009;Munoz et al, 2013), although the effect of dispersal on humanmediated dispersal is often predominant or difficult to disentangle (Weisz and Yan, 2010;Van Leeuwen et al, 2013).…”

Distribution patterns of European lacustrine gastropods: a result of environmental factors and deglaciation history

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