“…Thus, Downloaded by [Florida International University] at 03:38 27 December 2014 verbal working memory (VWM) and the phonological loop may subserve spatial memory. Corroborating evidence from dual task experiments, where participants navigate environments or read spatial texts while concurrently performing a secondary task, suggests that VWM plays an important role in route learning (De Beni, Pazzaglia, Gyselinck, & Meneghetti, 2005;Garden et al, 2002;Pazzaglia, De Beni, & Meneghetti, 2007) and building spatial mental representations (Gras, Gyselinck, Perrussel, Orriols, & Piolino, 2013). These experiments support a dual-coding approach of wayfinding knowledge where spatial knowledge can be encoded and mentally represented in both spatial and verbal formats (Meilinger, Knauff, & Bulthoff, 2008).…”