The roles of osteocalcin in lipid metabolism in adipose tissue and liver

Osteocalcin and its forms respond similarly to exercise in males and females

“…As such, for long-term benefits, exercise training should include resistance/high impact exercises. While no long-term changes were detected in our cohort, we cannot rule out that the transient ucOC enhancement after a bout of HIIE may be important in metabolic signalling in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and bone [27,71,[81][82][83].…”

Biofunctionalized composite scaffold to potentiate osteoconduction, angiogenesis, and favorable metabolic microenvironment for osteonecrosis therapy

“…The superior outcomes obtained using PLGA/nHA 30 VEGF in bone regeneration after core decompression in the osteonecrosis model were further confirmed by the immunohistochemical results that measured OCN, Runx2, OPN, and Col I. OCN and OPN are important late-stage osteogenic markers. OCN interferes with bone metabolism, affects lipid metabolism, and reduces fat deposition [ 28 ], while OPN is involved in bone formation and reconstruction. Runx2 is a specific transcription factor for osteogenic differentiation, which regulates the transcription of many genes and promotes the differentiation of BM-MSCs into osteoblasts.…”

Osteocalcin and the physiology of danger

“…Yet, probably the most critical consequence of the identification of Gprc6a as a receptor of osteocalcin has been to allow the study of the biology of osteocalcin in humans as will be described below. More broadly, it gave to osteocalcin a more complete hormonal identity, which has now been confirmed by numerous independent cell culture studies, in vivo studies in multiple species and multiple disease models, by correlative studies in humans and as we will describe, human genetic evidence [37,42,45–120]. It was also confirmed even more recently by the generation of a new genetic model of Osteocalcin deficiency [50].…”

“…It was also confirmed even more recently by the generation of a new genetic model of Osteocalcin deficiency [50]. While the evidence indicating that osteocalcin acts as a hormone in rodents and primates grows at an increasing pace, as the sample of references presented above indicates [37,42,45–120], this does not mean that there are no studies in which Osteocalcin ‐deficient mice were presented as normal [51].…”

“…In closing, it is important to highlight that the regulation of energy metabolism by osteocalcin is not limited to its regulation of insulin secretion. Osteocalcin signalling through Gprc6a for instance is necessary for the regulation of hepatic energy metabolism and the secretion of FGF21 and for lipid metabolism in the adipose tissue and the liver [ 57 , 60 , 123 , 127 ]. The regulation of FGF21 expression in hepatocytes by osteocalcin is of interest for another reason: it furthers support the notion that osteocalcin is a regulator of regulatory molecules.…”