The Roles of pH and Concentration in Lactic Acid-induced Stimulation of Epidermal Turnover

Thueson, David O.; Chan, Elaine K.; Oechsli, Lauren M.; Hahn, Gary

doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.1998.tb04221.x

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The GA tested in the present study is one of the AHA used for chemical peeling, and the effects of AHA have been reported to be dose‐ and pH‐dependent (24). Because CD activity is pH‐dependent and optimum at around pH 3, it is possible that it is activated by acidification of the stratum corneum following application of acidic agents, including other AHA and acidifying agents, as long as they meet the optimal pH for CD, though additional study is required.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of glycolic acid on desquamation‐regulating proteinases in human stratum corneum

Horikoshi¹,

Matsumoto²,

Usuki

et al. 2005

Experimental Dermatology

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In order to investigate the mechanism of glycolic acid (GA) function in human stratum corneum, we monitored changes in cathepsin D-like (CD) and chymotrypsin-like (SCCE) proteinases for 3 weeks following topical GA application (50% w/v, pH 0.9) for 30 min to human skin. In the early phase, weakened stratum corneum cohesion in the lower layers was observed on day 2 and the amount of active CD in the upper layer of the stratum corneum was significantly decreased from 30 min until day 2, whereas that in the lower layer remained normal. In contrast, the amount of active SCCE showed no change during the experimental period. The surface pH of the stratum corneum drastically decreased to pH 2 at 30 min and slightly recovered to around pH 3 until 1 day after treatment. From 9 to 19 days, a decrease in corneocyte cell area and a remarkable long-term increase in the amount of active CD in the upper layer were observed. In an in vitro study, the activities of desquamation-regulating proteinases were shown to have remarkably increased at around pH 3, due to activation of CD at its optimal pH. These results suggest that GA functions via at least two different mechanisms, acute activation of CD in the lower layer by acidification around pH 3, along with inactivation of CD in the upper layer, and long-term enhancement of de novo CD production in the few weeks following GA treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of glycolic acid on desquamation‐regulating proteinases in human stratum corneum

Horikoshi¹,

Matsumoto²,

Usuki

et al. 2005

Experimental Dermatology

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“…Endogenous factors influencing SC acidification include the generation of free fatty acids from phospholipid hydrolysis catalysed by secretory phospholipase A2 and the sodium/hydrogen exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1), which is expressed in the outer nucleated layers of the epidermis [3]. Exogenous mechanisms include the generation of free fatty acids by bacterial lipase and free fatty acids derived from sebum and eccrine gland‐derived products [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The alkaline pH‐adapted skin barrier is disrupted severely by SLS‐induced irritation

Kim

Nam

et al. 2009

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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The pH of the healthy skin is 5.5 and maintained by many regulatory mechanisms. The pH of the skin care product we use on a daily basis can have an influence on the skin properties. To investigate how the physical properties of skin change after the alkaline or acidic pH of the skin care products are applied on the skin for a long term, we adjusted the pH of the skin care products to 3, 5 and 8 (A, B, C), with glycolic acid and triethanolamine. For 5 weeks the skin care products were applied on 20 healthy subjects' ventral forearm and the skin physical properties were measured. After 5 weeks, skin responses to the external stress of 1% (w/v) SLS (sodium lauryl sulphate) irritation and erythema by UV were measured. Skin colour and skin UV response were not altered by the pH. However, on the C-applied site (pH 8) the transepidermal water loss of stratum corneum (SC) increased significantly, the water content increased and desquamation decreased, respectively, and the SLS significantly impaired the skin barrier in comparison with other sites. The alkaline skin care product impaired the skin barrier after repeated application over 5-week period and the skin barrier was disrupted severely by 1% SLS exposure because SC was already impaired by alkaline pH and sensitive to external stress. This suggests that the pH of daily skin care products is very important for skin barrier homeostasis.

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“…However, the last pathway is currently under discussion 26 . In addition, exogenous mechanisms such as the eccrine gland‐derived lactic acid 27,28 and the free fatty acids of pilosebaceous origin 29,30 may also contribute to skin surface acidification. None of these potential mechanisms has previously been linked to the formation of an acidic skin pH in human newborns 31,32 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant epidermal skin physiology: adaptation after birth

Fluhr

Darlenski

Lachmann

et al. 2012

British Journal of Dermatology

160

139

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The Roles of pH and Concentration in Lactic Acid-induced Stimulation of Epidermal Turnover

Abstract: The desquamative and proliferation-stimulating effects of lactic acid are very pH and concentration dependent, suggesting the "free acid" concentration is the active moiety.

Cited by 22 publications

References 14 publications

Effects of glycolic acid on desquamation‐regulating proteinases in human stratum corneum

Effects of glycolic acid on desquamation‐regulating proteinases in human stratum corneum

The alkaline pH‐adapted skin barrier is disrupted severely by SLS‐induced irritation

Infant epidermal skin physiology: adaptation after birth

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