The roles of programmed death ligand 1 in virus-associated cancers

Mofrad, Morvarid Golrokh; Maleki, Donya; Faghihloo, Ebrahim

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104368

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…These viruses have different types, and HPV16 and −18 are genotypes that are considered high‐risk because of their higher oncogenic potential in (cervical, at first, but also others) epithelia. These high‐risk viruses can encode E6 and E7 (Fan & Shen, 2018; Golrokh Mofrad et al., 2020; de Sanjosé et al., 2007). E6 has the potential to change the function of P53 tumour suppressor protein; therefore, it has a disruptive effect on the control of cell division (Crook et al., 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evaluation of Human papilloma virus and human herpes viruses (EBV, CMV, VZV HSV‐1 and HSV‐2) in semen samples

et al. 2021

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There are a number of risk factors, especially viral diseases, which can lead to infertility. Among the various viral infections, much attention has been given to the role of the Papillomaviridae and Herpesviridae. After collecting 82 semen samples (37 teratospermia, 2 asthenozoospermia, 2 oligoasthenospermia, 1 oligospermia, 6 asthenoteratospermia and 34 normal semen samples), and washing them, the DNA from both freshly ejaculated spermatozoon and washed spermatozoa was extracted. Subsequently, the prevalence of EBV, CMV, HSV‐1, HSV‐2, VZV and HPV was evaluated using Multiplex PCR and Nested PCR. In this study, 1 normal and 5 abnormal semen samples were infected with HSV‐1 (1 normal, 4 teratospermia and 1 oligoasthenospermia). In addition, there were 2 VZV‐positive samples (both were teratozoospermia). Nested PCR indicated that 1 asthenozoospermia, 1 asthenoteratospermia, 3 teratospermia and 4 normal samples were HPV positive (including 8 HPV‐18 and 1 HPV‐33). Among 9 HPV‐positive subjects, 3 samples were negative after washing the infected samples. The prevalence of EBV, CMV, VZV, HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 remained unchanged prior to and after washing. Maybe sperm washing can be useful to eliminate HPV infection from semen samples, but further investigation is required because of the small number of samples.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evaluation of Human papilloma virus and human herpes viruses (EBV, CMV, VZV HSV‐1 and HSV‐2) in semen samples

et al. 2021

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“…Statistics have shown that meningitis is responsible for 0.6% of all deaths, and survivors usually suffer from various types of disabilities 19 . There are a number of tight relationships between different risk factors and central nervous system disorders, but the role of viral infections has drawn much attention 13,20‐22 . As symptoms of this disease are nonspecific, molecular analysis is essential to identify causative agents 23,24 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 19 There are a number of tight relationships between different risk factors and central nervous system disorders, but the role of viral infections has drawn much attention. 13 , 20 , 21 , 22 As symptoms of this disease are nonspecific, molecular analysis is essential to identify causative agents. 23 , 24 In this study, the prevalence of Herpesviridae and Picornaviridae was investigated in CSF of patients, suffering from meningitis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Enterovirus, Herpes Simplex, Varicella Zoster, Epstein‐Barr and Cytomegalovirus in cerebrospinal fluid in meningitis patients in Iran

Tavakolian

Goudarzi

Eslami

et al. 2021

Clinical Laboratory Analysis

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Background Despite medical advances, central nervous system (CNS) diseases put a pressure on the health care system. A number of risk factors, especially infectious agents can accelerate the progression of meningitis. As viruses probably account for most cases of meningitis, the diagnosis of them can reduce antibiotic prescriptions. Among various types of infectious diseases, the relationship between two important virus families, including Picornaviridae and Herpesviridae, and meningitis has attracted attraction. Methods In this study, one hundred and two samples were collected from patients who experienced symptoms, such as the loss of consciousness, seizures, muscle weakness, fever, headache, rash, and severe dementia, between November 2018 and September 2019. After RNA and DNA extraction, the prevalence of Enterovirus (EV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1), Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2), and Varicella zoster virus (VZV) was evaluated using PCR, multiplex PCR, and nested PCR. Results Results indicated that there were two VZV DNA‐positive specimens, while six and five samples were infected with HSV‐1 and EBV, respectively. Conclusion We reported that the prevalence of EBV, HSV‐1, and VZV in patients, suffering from meningitis cannot be ignored; however, further investigation is needed.

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“…Similar to the way in which cancer cells evade host tumor immunity by taking advantage of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint, viruses also exploit this pathway. PD-L1 expression is induced by infection with influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus, adenovirus, and Ebola virus [12,13]. As herpesviruses have complicated lifecycles and induce diverse symptoms and diseases, ranging from acute infection and inflammatory disorders to cancers, the mechanisms by which they evade the immune system are complex.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Herpesvirus and the Immune Checkpoint PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway: Disorders and Strategies for Survival

Murata

2021

Microorganisms

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The immune system has evolved as a complex and efficient means of coping with extrinsic materials, such as pathogens and toxins, as well as intrinsic abnormalities, such as cancers. Although rapid and timely activation of the immune system is obviously important, regulated downregulation of the system is almost as significant as activation to prevent runaway immunity, such as allergies and hypercytokinemia. Therefore, the immune checkpoint programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway is beneficial for the host. On the other hand, pathogens have evolved to evade host immunity by taking advantage of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. This review is focused on human herpesviruses, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), which cause various types of disorders, and their relationships with the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Understanding such relationships will be useful for developing preventative and therapeutic methods for disorders caused by herpesviruses.

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The roles of programmed death ligand 1 in virus-associated cancers

Cited by 20 publications

References 139 publications

The evaluation of Human papilloma virus and human herpes viruses (EBV, CMV, VZV HSV‐1 and HSV‐2) in semen samples

The evaluation of Human papilloma virus and human herpes viruses (EBV, CMV, VZV HSV‐1 and HSV‐2) in semen samples

Detection of Enterovirus, Herpes Simplex, Varicella Zoster, Epstein‐Barr and Cytomegalovirus in cerebrospinal fluid in meningitis patients in Iran

Human Herpesvirus and the Immune Checkpoint PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway: Disorders and Strategies for Survival

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