The roles of CSFs on the functional polarization of tumor‐associated macrophages

Abstract

Macrophages have a central role in numerous physiological processes, such as immune defense, maintenance of tissue homeostasis, wound healing, and inflammation. Moreover, in numerous severe disorders, such as cancer or chronic inflammation, their functions can be profoundly affected. Macrophages continuously sense their environment and adapt their phenotypes and functions to the local requirements; this process is called plasticity. In addition to stress signals, metabolites, and direct cell‐contact interactions with surrounding cells, numerous cytokines play a central role in controlling macrophage polarization. In this review, we will focus on three human macrophage differentiation factors: macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF), IL‐34, and granulocyte M‐CSF. These CSFs allow human monocyte survival, promote their differentiation into macrophages, and control macrophage polarization as they give rise to cells with different phenotype and functions. Based on recent observations, the role of granulocyte CSF on macrophage polarization is also addressed. Finally, our current knowledge on the expression of these growth factors in tumor microenvironment and their impact on the generation and polarization of tumor‐associated macrophages are summarized.

Targeting Tumor Associated Macrophages to Overcome Conventional Treatment Resistance in Glioblastoma

“…Another known stimulus for M1 macrophages is GM-CSF (Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor). It activates STAT5, which leads to the activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway (Jeannin et al, 2018).…”

“…M-CSF (Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor) and IL-34 also induce a M2 phenotype. M-CSF and IL-34 express the same receptor named CD115 and activate the MAP kinases signaling pathway (Jeannin et al, 2018).…”

Characteristics of Humoral Regulation of Differentiation of Bone Marrow Monocyte Subpopulations in Patients with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy

“…Interestingly, despite a significant increase in medullary concentration of IFN-γ in patients with ICMP, its level was not directly associated with the percentage of individual monocyte subpopulations in BM. Apparently, IFN-γ influences monocytopoiesis indirectly, which is further substantiated by the observed correlations between the concentration of M-CSF, a specific inducer of monocytopoiesis, (23) and levels of IFN-γ and other medullary cytokines. Concentrations of M-CSF in BM of patients without ICMP correlated positively to the levels of IL-1β (r=0.62; P<0.01), TNF-α (r=0.60; P<0.01), and IFN-γ (r=0.72; P<0.05).…”

Integrative characterization and validation of tumor-associated immune signature combined with immune-infiltration analysis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

“…However, the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors revealed incompletely definite in patients with various objective response rates, indicating the importance of characterizing tumor immune environment. Previous studies already reported that overall survival (OS) (15) and prognosis in patients could be influenced by fractions of immune environment, including tumor-associated macrophage (16,17), mast cells, or stromal cells. Nevertheless, immune gene biomarkers discovered based on large samples were less reported and characterization of immune signature in tumor microenvironment was of significance for our understanding on ccRCC.…”