The roles of TET family proteins in development and stem cells

Yang, Jihong; Bashkenova, Nazym; Zang, Ruge; Huang, Xin; Wang, Jianlong

doi:10.1242/dev.183129

Cited by 57 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 115 publications

(163 reference statements)

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“…In the first step, the activation of the dioxide molecule occurs, requiring the presence of Fe (II) ions and α-ketoglutaric acid (αKG), in order to convert the dioxygen molecule into a highly active Fe (IV)-oxo intermediate. In the second step, the C–H bond is oxidized to form a C–OH hydroxy product [ 97 ]. Moreover, hm5C modifications of RNA are involved in stem cell pluripotency and impact translation efficiency [ 97 , 98 ].…”

Section: Rna Modification Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the second step, the C–H bond is oxidized to form a C–OH hydroxy product [ 97 ]. Moreover, hm5C modifications of RNA are involved in stem cell pluripotency and impact translation efficiency [ 97 , 98 ]. The TET2 protein binds to the promoter region of the oncogenic long noncoding RNA (lncRNA-ANRIL) and regulates the expression of ANRIL and its downstream genes.…”

Section: Rna Modification Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long Non-Coding RNA Epigenetics

Kazimierczyk

Wrzesiński

2021

IJMS

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Long noncoding RNAs exceeding a length of 200 nucleotides play an important role in ensuring cell functions and proper organism development by interacting with cellular compounds such as miRNA, mRNA, DNA and proteins. However, there is an additional level of lncRNA regulation, called lncRNA epigenetics, in gene expression control. In this review, we describe the most common modified nucleosides found in lncRNA, 6-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytidine, pseudouridine and inosine. The biosynthetic pathways of these nucleosides modified by the writer, eraser and reader enzymes are important to understanding these processes. The characteristics of the individual methylases, pseudouridine synthases and adenine–inosine editing enzymes and the methods of lncRNA epigenetics for the detection of modified nucleosides, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of these methods, are discussed in detail. The final sections are devoted to the role of modifications in the most abundant lncRNAs and their functions in pathogenic processes.

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Section: Rna Modification Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rna Modification Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long Non-Coding RNA Epigenetics

Kazimierczyk

Wrzesiński

2021

IJMS

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“…Some environmental factors such as chemokines and cytokines have been epigenetically associated with CHIP. However, the genetic and epigenetic basis of CHIP onset, progression, and subsequent disease propagation remains to be investigated [161].…”

Section: Interplay Of Tet Members With Dnmts and Other Factors Contributes To Repression Or Promotion Of Human Cancersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ten-eleven translocation proteins (TETs): tumor suppressors or tumor enhancers?

Seong

Liu

et al. 2021

Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed)

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The epigenetic memory stored in the dynamic modifications, such as base modifications of cytosine (C) in DNA, including methylation/hydroxymethylation/demethylation, causes heritable phenotypes via regulating gene expression without alteration of DNA sequence. The process from cytosine modification to the epigenetic effect is orchestrated by complicated machinery consisting of writers, erasers, readers, and other factors. The two major forms of cytosine modification include methylcytosine (5-mC) and hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC). DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) including DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B function as writers for 5-mC. The ten-eleven translocation proteins (TET) including TET1, TET2, and TET3 in the mammalian genome are responsible for hydroxymethylation of 5-mC to generate 5-hmC, 5-formylcytosine (5-fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5-caC). The 5-mC and 5-hmC have become the two most extensively investigated epigenetic markers, and the dynamic balance of these two markers shape the landscape of the epigenome, functioning as a platform to regulate gene expression epigenetically. The landscape of the 5-hmC in epigenome is precisely and tightly regulated during the development. Aberrant alterations of the epigenetic regulation may cause severe consequences such as phenotype change as well as initiation of disease. Progressively, significant achievements have been made in characterization of writers, erasers, and readers of 5-mC and 5-hmC, as well as the contribution of aberrant alteration of 5-hmC/5-mC landscape to the pathogenesis of human diseases, such as cancers and neurological disorders. This article will highlight the research advances in the distinct contribution of TET proteins as suppressors or promoters to the pathogenesis of tumorigenesis and progression. Furthermore, this article also discusses the challenges and the directions for research in the future.

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“…TET benzeri proteinler hayvanlarda ve birçok ökaryotta bulunur, protist ve mantarlarda dikkate değer bir soy yayılımı vardır ancak bitkilerde yoktur. TET proteinleri başlangıçta insanlarda Akut Miyeleoid lösemide çok sık görülen mutasyonları nedeniyle tanımlanmış olsa da aslında bu proteinleri ilgi odağı haline getiren, DNA demetilasyonunu teşvik etme potansiyellerinin tanımlanmasıdır 41 .…”

Section: Tet Proteinlerinin Biyolojik Rolleri Ve Biyokimyasal Aktiviteleriunclassified

Demethylation of Nucleobases and Current Developments

Kartlaşmış

Dikmen

2021

Arşiv Kaynak Tarama Dergisi

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Epigenetics is defined as changes in gene function that do not change the DNA sequence, but result in changes in the functions and regulation mechanisms of DNA, proteins and RNAs. Studies conducted in the field of epigenetics with the developing technology in recent years have enabled us to discover its important effects on humans and to understand its relationship with diseases. Many diseases occur as a result of excessive increase / suppression of the expression of genes by error or irregularity in the regulation of epigenetic mechanisms. The epigenetic mechanism that has been studied a lot and the most known epigenetic mechanism is DNA and RNA methylation. In addition to methylations, molecular-level research on DNA and RNA demethylation processes has gained great importance in understanding and evaluating epigenetic disease mechanisms.

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The roles of TET family proteins in development and stem cells

Cited by 57 publications

References 115 publications

Long Non-Coding RNA Epigenetics

Long Non-Coding RNA Epigenetics

Ten-eleven translocation proteins (TETs): tumor suppressors or tumor enhancers?

Demethylation of Nucleobases and Current Developments

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