The route to resource-efficient novel materials

Krohns, S.; Lunkenheimer, P.; Meissner, Simon; Reller, Armin; Gleich, Benedikt; Rathgeber, Andreas W.; Gaugler, Tobias; Buhl, Hans Ulrich; Sinclair, Derek C.; Loidl, A.

doi:10.1038/nmat3180

Cited by 205 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…For designers, the criticality designations are surely relevant to efforts that seek to minimize corporate exposure to problematic metals in product design, especially for products expected to have long service lives. Perhaps more important to designers than the aggregate assessments, however, are those for individual indicators, because manufacturers may be able to minimize or avoid some risks if those risks are recognized (29), especially if current designs involve metals in or near problematic regions of criticality space. For example, efforts can be made to find secure sources of supply, to increase material utilization in manufacturing, to reduce the use of critical metals, or to increase critical metal recycling (30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Criticality of metals and metalloids

Graedel

Harper

Nassar

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

568

340

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Imbalances between metal supply and demand, real or anticipated, have inspired the concept of metal criticality. We here characterize the criticality of 62 metals and metalloids in a 3D "criticality space" consisting of supply risk, environmental implications, and vulnerability to supply restriction. Contributing factors that lead to extreme values include high geopolitical concentration of primary production, lack of available suitable substitutes, and political instability. The results show that the limitations for many metals important in emerging electronics (e.g., gallium and selenium) are largely those related to supply risk; those of platinum group metals, gold, and mercury, to environmental implications; and steel alloying elements (e.g., chromium and niobium) as well as elements used in high-temperature alloys (e.g., tungsten and molybdenum), to vulnerability to supply restriction. The metals of most concern tend to be those available largely or entirely as byproducts, used in small quantities for highly specialized applications, and possessing no effective substitutes.economic geology | materials science | substitution | supply risk | sustainability

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Criticality of metals and metalloids

Graedel

Harper

Nassar

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

568

340

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“…In recent years, CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12 (CCTO) has attracted considerable attention due to their abnormally high dielectric responses [1,2]. CCTO exhibited very high dielectric permittivity (e 0 & 10 3 -10 5 ), depending on several factors including sintering time and temperature [3][4][5][6], electrode material [7,8], annealing treatment [9,10], stoichiometry of Ca, Ti, and Cu [1,11,12], and preparation method to produce CCTO powder [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, dielectric properties, and influences oxygen vacancies have on electrical properties of Na1/2Bi1/2Cu3Ti4O12 ceramics prepared by a urea combustion method

Tuichai

Danwittayakul

Yamwong

et al. 2015

J Sol-Gel Sci Technol

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The influences of oxygen vacancies on the dielectric and electrical properties of Na 1/2 Bi 1/2 Cu 3 Ti 4 O 12 ceramics prepared using a urea combustion method were investigated via an annealing treatment in an O 2 atmosphere. Interestingly, a single Na 1/2 Bi 1/2 Cu 3 Ti 4 O 12 phase was successfully prepared using a low calcination temperature of 800°C. High dielectric permittivity (e 0 ) and dense ceramic microstructure were achieved by sintering compacted powders at a low temperature of 980°C. e 0 and the loss tangent (tand) were decreased by annealing in an O 2 atmosphere. This was associated with the oxygen vacancy concentration at grain boundaries (GBs). A decrease in low-frequency tand was caused by enhancement of GB resistance, which was due to filling oxygen vacancies at GBs. A slight decrease in e 0 was attributed to the reduction in GB capacitance. Through use of an annealing process, the conduction activation energy at GBs was increased, whereas the conduction activation energy inside the grains remained unchanged. These results clearly indicated the effect of oxygen vacancy concentration at the GBs on the giant dielectric response and correlated GB response. Graphical Abstract0 3.0x10 6.0x10 9.0x10 1.2x10 1.5x10 1.8x10 0.0 .0 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 5 0 5 0 5 NB NB NB NB @ 5.0x10 4 CTO-1 CTO-1O 2 CTO-2 CTO-2O 2 100 o C

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“…This is due to global population growth, increasing global prosperity, and to the correspondingly higher need for raw materials (Skinner 1989, p. 270;Pollard et al 2010, p. 9). Technical progress has brought a range of new products to market which need not only large amounts of additional raw materials for their manufacture, but also use many additional elements and compounds, due to their specific material properties (Krohns et al 2011). This trend can be clearly seen in the semi-conductor industry, which in the 1980s used only 12 elements, increased to 16 in the 1990s, and has rocketed to over 60 elements just a decade later (Shadman 2006, p. 9).…”

Section: Change In Demandmentioning

confidence: 99%

What drives resource prices? A qualitative review with recommendations for further development of the Hotelling model

Gaugler

2015

Miner Econ

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This paper examines which factors have an impact on the price of finite resources. Firstly, empirical and theoretical approaches used to study the development of resource prices are considered. These drivers are then studied, individually as well as altogether, starting with the Hotelling model. Implications for the future price of finite resources are subsequently reviewed, and theoretical hypotheses derived. These are then tested by means of a qualitative review based on empirical findings. This paper demonstrates how current approaches have limited applicability in determining which drivers impact the price of finite resources. One of the main reasons is identified as the Hotelling's model's lack of accounting for growth in demand for finite resources.

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The route to resource-efficient novel materials

Abstract: Combining the efforts of physicists, materials scientists, economists and resource-strategy researchers opens up an interdisciplinary route enabling the substitution of rare elements by more abundant ones, serving as a guideline for the development of novel materials

Cited by 205 publications

References 19 publications

Criticality of metals and metalloids

Criticality of metals and metalloids

Synthesis, dielectric properties, and influences oxygen vacancies have on electrical properties of Na1/2Bi1/2Cu3Ti4O12 ceramics prepared by a urea combustion method

What drives resource prices? A qualitative review with recommendations for further development of the Hotelling model

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