The rs9939609 Polymorphism in the <b><i>FTO</i></b> Gene Is Associated with Fat and Fiber Intakes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

Background/Aims: The common polymorphism in the FTO gene (rs9939609) has been associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and appetite regulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible associations of FTO rs9939609 with dietary factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 236 patients with type 2 diabetes (age 60.0 ± 10.3 years; diabetes duration 12.7 ± 8.2 years; 53.4% females) who were genotyped for FTO rs9939609. Patients underwent clinical and laboratory evaluations and 3-day weighed diet records. Data on dietary intake were categorized as high or low, based on median values. Results: The AA genotype in the FTO gene was positively associated with high fat (>34% energy; OR = 2.17; 95% CI 1.02-4.63) and low fiber intakes (<16 g/day; OR = 2.42; 95% CI 1.05-5.57), adjusted for gender, BMI, total energy intake, systolic blood pressure, and HbA1c. When gender was taken into account, AA females had higher fat (37.4 ± 5.3 vs. 32.6 ± 7.5 and 32.2 ± 6.2% energy; p = 0.005) and lower fiber intakes (12.4 ± 4.4 vs. 15.1 ± 6.3 and 16.7 ± 5.6 g/day; p = 0.023) than patients with TT and AT genotypes. Multiple logistic regression models confirmed female associations for high fat (OR = 9.73; 95% CI 2.12-44.66) and low fiber intakes (OR = 4.28; 95% CI 1.14-16.06; p < 0.05 for all models). Conclusions: Patients with type 2 diabetes, who were carriers of the AA genotype of the FTO rs9939609, had increased fat and decreased fiber consumption, independently of BMI.

The Effects of Genetic Variation in FTO rs9939609 on Obesity and Dietary Preferences in Chinese Han Children and Adolescents

“…Timpson et al also found that carriers of the minor variants of rs9939609 consumed more fat and total energy than those non-carriers [47]. Recently, further evidence has suggested that FTO interacts with energy intake patterns in children, as related to obesity risk [64]–[68]. The findings of this study showed that the genetic variation of rs9939609 was associated with a meat-based dietary preference, and children with the A allele were predisposed to prefer a meat-based diet, which is characterized by higher energy density, higher fat, and lower dietary fiber than either plant-based or balanced diets.…”

Current review of genetics of human obesity: from molecular mechanisms to an evolutionary perspective

“…Ortega-Azorín et al (2012) found a significant gene-diet interaction of the FTO rs9939609 and MC4R rs17782313 polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes depending on diet, in which the Mediterranean diet counteracts the genetic predisposition. A cross-sectional study found that individuals carrying both AA risk allele of the rs9939609 polymorphism were positively associated with a high intake of total fat (>34% energy) and low fiber consumption (<16 g/day), independently of BMI (Steemburgo et al 2013). It has also been reported in a recent study that obesity susceptibility genes (FAIM2, FLJ35779, FTO, LRRN6C, RBJ, and SEC16B) were found to interact with dietary carbohydrates (sugar-sweetened beverages) to increase BMI when one or more servings are consumed per day (Qi et al 2012).…”

Effect of FTO rs9930506 on obesity and interaction of the gene variants with dietary protein and vitamin E on C‐reactive protein levels in multi‐ethnic Malaysian adults

“…However, Steemburgo et al . reported that carriers of the AA genotype of the FTO rs9939609 had an increased fat and decreased fibre consumption, independent of BMI. It should be noted, however, that the participants in their study were diabetic, whereas the participants in the present study were healthy individuals with blood glucose levels (<5.6 mmol L −1 ) .…”