The Rust Inventory of Schizotypal Cognitions (RISC)

Abstract

The Rust Inventory of Schizotypal Cognitions (RISC) is a new, psychometrically constructed, short questionnaire for assessing the schizotypal cognitions associated with the positive symptoms of acute schizophrenia. It differs from previous scales in having been developed and standardized with special attention to normal distribution in the general population, and in emphasizing cognitive content rather than cognitive deficit. The scale has good reliability and validity, and it can clearly discriminate acute schizophrenic subjects from normal subjects. Although containing no obviously extreme items, the scale, in its cumulative effect, may be used to identify bizarre and eccentric thought patterns, and as an estimate of risk in the general population for schizotypal symptoms phenomenologically related to acute schizophrenia.

Cognition and Brain Function in Schizotypy: A Selective Review

“…[126][127][128][129]135 Recently, an fMRI study investigated the neural underpinnings of this deficit in relation to positive schizotypy. It was found that higher positive schizotypy scores 136 were associated with reduced BOLD signal in posterior and subcortical areas such as putamen, thalamus, cerebellum, and visual cortex, 137 similar to what is seen in patients with schizophrenia and their relatives. [138][139][140] Interestingly, the reductions in activation in frontal areas that are also observed in some schizophrenia studies 141,142 were not found.…”

Confirmation of a four-factor structure of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire among undergraduate students

“…These include the Schizophrenism Scale (Nielsen and Petersen, 1976;Venables et al, 1990), the Schizotypal Personality Scale (Claridge and Broks, 1984), the Rust Inventory of Schizotypal Cognitions (Rust, 1987;1988), the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (Mason et al, 1995), and the Schizophrenia Proneness Scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (Bolinskey et al, 2003), among others. Studies have suggested that the Psychosis Proneness Scales (PPS), developed by Loren and Jean Chapman and colleagues, may offer the most reliable and valid means of identifying individuals with elevated levels of schizotypy (Grove, 1982;Lenzenweger, 1994), despite not 4 mapping directly onto the nine SPD criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR;American Psychiatric Association, 2000).…”

Schizotypal Personality Models

“…The content and style of psychometric measures of schizotypal personality traits has varied according to the investigators' aims and theoretical standing. The earliest schizotypy scales focused on the measurement of vulnerability for specific symptoms of schizophrenia, including perceptual aberration (Chapman et al, 1978), magical ideation (Eckblad & Chapman, 1983), physical and social anhedonia (Chapman et al, 1976), hypomanic personality traits (Eckblad & Chapman, 1986), predisposition to hallucination (Launay & Slade, 1981), and more recently for delusions (Peters et al,1999), paranoia (Rawlings & Freeman, 1996) and schizotypal cognitions (Rust, 1988). Other psychometric scales have been formulated on the basis of psychiatric classification systems for 'schizotypal personality' (Raine, 1991) and/or 'borderline personality' disorders (Claridge & Broks, 1984), or by assuming the existence of fundamental components such as the asocial element of 'psychoticism' proposed by Eysenck and Eysenck (1977).…”