The Salmon in Pregnancy Study: study design, subject characteristics, maternal fish and marine n–3 fatty acid intake, and marine n–3 fatty acid status in maternal and umbilical cord blood

Miles, Elizabeth A.; Noakes, Paul S.; Kremmyda, Lefkothea-Stella; Vlachava, Maria; Diaper, Norma D.; Rosenlund, Grethe; Urwin, Heidi; Yaqoob, Parveen; Rossary, Adrien; Farges, Marie‐Chantal; Vasson, Marie‐Paule; Liaset, Bjørn; Frøyland, Livar; Helmersson, Johanna; Basu, Samar; Garcia, Erika; Olza, Josune; Mesa, María Dolores; Aguilera, Concepción M.; Gil, Ángel; Robinson, Siân; Inskip, Hazel; Godfrey, Keith M.; Calder, Philip C.

doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.001636

Cited by 70 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…There was no such decrease in the women with gestational diabetes supplemented with DHA-enriched formula. Moreover, the phenomenon does not occur in pregnant women from communities who consume high amounts of fish and seafood [19], or in those supplemented with fish oil or fish [20,21]. Hence, the decline of DHA in pregnancy signifies an imbalance between maternal status and mother-fetus requirement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Efficacy of docosahexaenoic acid-enriched formula to enhance maternal and fetal blood docosahexaenoic acid levels: Randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus

et al. 2016

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Daily supplementation of 600 mg DHA enhances maternal but not fetal DHA status in pregnancy complicated by GDM. The inefficacy of the supplement to improve fetal status suggests that the transfer of DHA across the placenta maybe impaired in women with the condition. Regardless of the mechanisms responsible for the impairment of the transfer, the finding has implications for the management of neonates of women with GDM because they are born with a reduced level of DHA and the condition is thought to be associated with a risk of neuro-developmental deficits. We suggest that babies of women with GDM, particularly those not suckling, similar to the babies born prematurely require formula milk fortified with a higher level of DHA.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Efficacy of docosahexaenoic acid-enriched formula to enhance maternal and fetal blood docosahexaenoic acid levels: Randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus

et al. 2016

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“…DHA is found in all cell membranes esterified into phospholipids and other complex lipids. Table 3 lists some reported concentrations of EPA and DHA in different metabolic or anatomical compartments in humans [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] . It is evident that the absolute and proportional contribution of EPA or DHA to the total fatty acids present within any of the compartments listed in table 3 differs both between the two fatty acids and between compartments.…”

Section: Dha Concentration In Different Metabolic and Anatomical Compmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This demonstrates that increased consumption of DHA by lactating women results in increased DHA in breast milk, subsequently elevating infant DHA status. The Salmon in Pregnancy Study investigated the effect of consumption of two portions of salmon per week from week 20 of pregnancy until delivery [12] . This intervention resulted in higher breast milk DHA than seen in women in the control group who did not eat fatty fish [48] ( fig.…”

Section: Increasing the Status Of Dha In Human Breast Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Docosahexaenoic Acid

2016

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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a long-chain, highly unsaturated omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid. It has a structure that gives it unique physical and functional properties. DHA is metabolically related to other n-3 fatty acids: it can be synthesised from the plant essential fatty acid α-linolenic acid (ALA). However, this pathway does not appear to be very efficient in many individuals, although the conversion of ALA to DHA is much better in young women than in young men. Furthermore, young infants may be more efficient converters of ALA to DHA than many adults, although the conversion rate is variable among infants. Many factors have been identified that affect the rate of conversion. The implication of poor conversion is that preformed DHA needs to be consumed. DHA is found in fairly high amounts in seafood, especially fatty fish, and in various forms of n-3 supplements. The amount of DHA in seafood and in supplements varies. Breast milk contains DHA. DHA is found esterified into complex lipids within the bloodstream, in adipose stores and in cell membranes. Its concentration in different compartments varies greatly. The brain and eye have high DHA contents compared to other organs. DHA is especially concentrated in the grey matter of the brain and in the rod outer segments of the retina. In the brain DHA is involved in neuronal signalling, while in the eye it is involved in the quality of vision. DHA is accumulated in the brain and eye late in pregnancy and in early infancy. A lower DHA content is linked to poorer cognitive development and visual function. DHA affects cell and tissue physiology and function through numerous mechanisms, including alterations in membrane structure and function, in membrane protein function, in cellular signalling and in lipid mediator production.

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“…It is well established that during the last trimester of pregnancy, maternal seric DHA concentrations are decreased not only because of vascular volume extension but also by maternal, placental and fetal DHA increased requirements [1,2,11]. There are some physiological adaptation mechanisms such as DHA synthesis from fatty acids but a diet with oily fish for achieving the minimum intake is strongly recommended [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, there is a consensus statement for a minimal daily intake of at least 200 mg DHA/day [3]. Generally, dietary advices for consuming food rich in DHA such as oily fish should increase DHA intake and achieve the recommended daily intake [10]. Some supplementation trials, however, used high doses of DHA and reached a higher daily intake of 3g [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal and fetal benefits of DHA supplementation during pregnancy

Hubinont¹,

Savoye²

2017

J Pregnancy Reprod

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During pregnancy, the benefits of long-chain n-3 fatty acids, mainly DHA supplementation has been reported with controversial results. The aim of this review paper is to clarify the role of DHA on maternal and fetal outcomes and to discuss supplementation.Low maternal concentrations of DHA are associated with an increased incidence of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, postpartum depression, preterm labour and intrauterine fetal growth restriction (IUGR).The effect of a preventive supplementation on these complications is not clearly demonstrated . Some authors report an improved outcome but recent Cochrane database systematic reviews and meta-analysis are not conclusive.DHA supplementation reduces significantly the effects of prenatal stress and the perinatal mortality rate. In patients with previous history of preterm birth, supplementation is also controversial.In conclusion, even if the DHA requirements are increased in pregnancy and if positive correlations are reported between low maternal concentrations and an adverse pregnancy outcome, there are conflicting results on the efficacy of a DHA supplementation. Further studies using different DHA regimens of administration are needed. In the meantime, as it is a safe supplementation with few side effects, DHA should be prescribed in patients with a low dietary intake and risks factors.

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The Salmon in Pregnancy Study: study design, subject characteristics, maternal fish and marine n–3 fatty acid intake, and marine n–3 fatty acid status in maternal and umbilical cord blood

Cited by 70 publications

References 26 publications

Efficacy of docosahexaenoic acid-enriched formula to enhance maternal and fetal blood docosahexaenoic acid levels: Randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Efficacy of docosahexaenoic acid-enriched formula to enhance maternal and fetal blood docosahexaenoic acid levels: Randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Docosahexaenoic Acid

Maternal and fetal benefits of DHA supplementation during pregnancy

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