The “São Paulo Mystery”: The role of the criminal organization PCC in reducing the homicide in 2000s

Justus, Marcelo; Cerqueira, Daniel Ricardo de Castro; Kahn, Túlio; Moreira, Gustavo Carvalho

doi:10.1016/j.econ.2018.02.003

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Nonetheless, these authors and Ribeiro and Cano (2016) found evidence indicating that unemployment is positively associated with homicides. This evidence regarding the direct effect of unemployment on homicide rates is supported by Justus et al (2018) but is rejected by Pezzin and Macedo (1986), Beato and Reis (2001), and Sapori and Wanderley (2001).…”

Section: Previous Research On Homicides and Deprivation In Brazilmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Effect of Absolute and Relative Deprivation on Homicides in Brazil

2021

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This paper investigates the effect of absolute deprivation (proxy unemployment) and relative deprivation (proxy income inequality) on homicide levels in Brazil. A database from the Brazilian Information System about Mortality and Census of the year 2000 and 2010 was used to estimate negative binomial models of homicide levels controlling for socioeconomic, demographic, and geographic factors. Findings show that unemployment and income inequality affect homicides levels and that the effect of the former is more pronounced compared to the latter. Moreover, the combination of income inequality and unemployment exacerbates the overall effect of deprivation on homicide levels.

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Section: Previous Research On Homicides and Deprivation In Brazilmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Effect of Absolute and Relative Deprivation on Homicides in Brazil

2021

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“…The region’s annual average per capita income is approximately US$15,000, but the range of incomes is extreme (0.65 Gini index) (Ministry of Health, 2014). Although the region was one of the most violent in the world in the late 1990s, with an annual homicide rate of 57 per 100,000 inhabitants, that rate has fallen dramatically to about six per 100,000; however, crimes against property have increased incrementally (Justus et al, 2018).…”

Section: The Case Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Gendered mobility and violence in the São Paulo metro, Brazil

Moreira

Ceccato

2020

Urban Studies

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With about 12 million inhabitants, São Paulo, Brazil, is the largest city in South America. As in many other major southern hemisphere cities, this extreme concentration of people imposes a number of mobility and security challenges. The objective of this article was to investigate the space-time patterns of mobility and violent victimisation in São Paulo’s metro stations from a gender perspective. The methodology combines use of a Geographical Information System (GIS), statistical analysis through negative binomial regression modelling and hypothesis testing. Results indicate that mobility and the level of victimisation are gender dependent. Women are at higher risk of victimisation than men in São Paulo’s central metro station, while men run higher risk of violence at end stations – both notably during late night periods. The presence of employees reduces the risk of violence, except during the mornings. The article suggests that crime prevention initiatives need to be gender informed and sensitive to the particular spatial and temporal features of rapid transit environments.

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“…In Brazil, public safety and the homicide reporting system fall under state legislation. For example, the state of São Paulo invested in policies that were successful in reducing homicide rates by nearly half over the study period (Peres et al, 2011;Justus et al, 2018). The trend thus controls for such time-varying policy differences between states.…”

Section: Empirical Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%