The SARS-CoV-2 reproduction number <i>R<sub>0</sub></i> in cats

Gonzáles, José L.; Jong, M.C.M. de; Gerhards, Nora M.; Poel, Wim van der

doi:10.1101/2021.07.20.453027

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…The estimated reproduction number R 0 in cats was calculated to be higher than 1, suggesting cats could play a role in the transmission and maintenance of SARS-CoV-2. In the same series of studies [5], it is noted that levels of virus shedding in infected household cats were as high as those observed experimentally, with reported shedding levels as high as 10 8.5 RNA copies/swab sample or RT-PCR Ct values as low as 21. Considering infected cats shed high levels of virus and droplet transmission is possible, the risk for cat-to-human transmission may be signi cant [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…In the same series of studies [5], it is noted that levels of virus shedding in infected household cats were as high as those observed experimentally, with reported shedding levels as high as 10 8.5 RNA copies/swab sample or RT-PCR Ct values as low as 21. Considering infected cats shed high levels of virus and droplet transmission is possible, the risk for cat-to-human transmission may be signi cant [5]. Infected cats shed virus for prolonged periods suggesting cats may play a role in viral epidemiology by transmitting the virus onwards, generating new variants or acting as a virus reservoir [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…A relevant concern in the control of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is the risk domestic animals could play in the maintenance and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Assessing this risk implies quantifying transmission from humans-to-animals, from animals-to-animals and from animals-to-humans [5]. Large epidemics in farmed minks have con rmed this risk for that speci c species [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Spike protein-based subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for pets: safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in juvenile cats

Tabynov

Orynbassar

Yelchibayeva

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Whereas multiple vaccine types have been developed to curb the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) among humans, there are very few vaccines being developed for animals including pets. To combat the threat of human-to-animal, animal-to-animal and animal-to-human transmission and the generation of new virus variants, we developed a subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine which is based on recombinant spike protein extracellular domain expressed in insect cells then formulated with appropriate adjuvants. Sixteen 8-12-week-old outbred female and male kittens (n=4/group) were randomly assigned into four treatment groups: Group 1, Antigen alone; Group 2, Sepivac SWE™ adjuvant; Group 3, aluminum hydroxide adjuvant; Group 4, PBS administered control animals. All animals were vaccinated twice at day 0 and 14, intramuscularly in a volume of 0.5 mL (Groups 1-3: 5 µg of Spike protein). On days 0 and 28 serum samples were collected to evaluate anti-spike IgG, inhibition of spike binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), neutralizing antibodies to Wuhan-01 SARS-CoV-2 D614G (wild-type) and Delta variant viruses, and whole blood for hematology studies. At day 28, all groups were challenged with SARS-CoV-2 wild-type virus 106 TCID50 intranasally. On day 31, tissue samples (lung, heart, and nasal turbinates) were collected for histology, viral RNA detection and virus titration. Parameters evaluated in this study included safety, immunogenicity, and protection from infection with wild-type SARS-CoV-2 virus. After two immunizations, both vaccines induced high titers of serum anti-spike IgG, ACE-2 binding inhibitory and neutralizing antibodies against both wild-type and Delta variant virus in the juvenile cats. Both subunit vaccines provided protection of juvenile cats against virus shedding from the upper respiratory tract, and against viral replication in the lower respiratory tract and hearts. These promising data warrant ongoing evaluation of the vaccine’s ability to protect cats against SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant and in particular to prevent transmission of the infection to naïve cats, before proceeding with large-scale field trials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Spike protein-based subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for pets: safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in juvenile cats

Tabynov

Orynbassar

Yelchibayeva

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Our NARUVAX-C19 (pets) vaccine thereby joins other SARS-CoV-2 vaccines shown to provide protection in cats including the alum-adjuvanted inactivated Carnivac-Cov vaccine 4 and a Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particle vaccine (19). In the case of our study, we applied a shorter immunization period with an interval of just 14 days between prime and booster vaccinations, compared to 21 days for the other vaccines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In respect of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, there is a risk that domestic or farmed animals could play a role in the maintenance and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. This could involve transmission from humans to animals, from animals to animals, and from animals to humans ( 4 ). Large epidemics of human-origin SARS-CoV-2 in farmed minks with subsequent transmission of mink-mutated strains back to humans have confirmed such a risk ( 5 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Spike Protein-Based Subunit SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine for Pets: Safety, Immunogenicity, and Protective Efficacy in Juvenile Cats

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Whereas, multiple vaccine types have been developed to curb the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) among humans, there are very few vaccines being developed for animals including pets. To combat the threat of human-to-animal, animal-to-animal, and animal-to-human transmission and the generation of new virus variants, we developed a subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine which is based on the recombinant spike protein extracellular domain expressed in insect cells and then formulated with appropriate adjuvants. Sixteen 8–12-week-old outbred female and male kittens (n = 4 per group) were randomly assigned into four treatment groups: spike protein alone; spike plus ESSAI oil-in-water (O/W) 1849102 adjuvant; spike plus aluminum hydroxide adjuvant; and a PBS control. All animals were vaccinated intramuscularly twice, 2 weeks apart, with 5 μg of spike protein in a volume of 0.5 ml. On days 0 and 28, serum samples were collected to evaluate anti-spike IgG, antibody inhibition of spike binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), neutralizing antibodies against wild-type and delta variant viruses, and hematology studies. At day 28, all groups were challenged with SARS-CoV-2 wild-type virus 106 TCID50 intranasally. On day 31, tissue samples (lung, heart, and nasal turbinates) were collected for viral RNA detection, and virus titration. After two immunizations, both vaccines induced high titers of serum anti-spike IgG that inhibited spike ACE-2 binding and neutralized both wild-type and delta variant virus. Both adjuvanted vaccine formulations protected juvenile cats against virus shedding from the upper respiratory tract and viral replication in the lower respiratory tract and hearts. These promising data warrant ongoing evaluation of the vaccine's ability to protect cats against SARS-CoV-2 infection and in particular to prevent transmission.

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Rising SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence and Patterns of Cross-Variant Antibody Neutralization in UK Domestic Cats

Tyson

Jones

Logan

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Recent evidence confirming cat-to-human SARS-CoV-2 transmission has highlighted the importance of monitoring infection in domestic cats. Although the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on feline health are poorly characterized, cats have close contact with humans, and with both domesticated and wild animals. Accordingly, they could act as a reservoir of infection, an intermediate host and a source of novel variants. To investigate the spread of the virus in the cat population, serum samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by ELISA and a pseudotype-based virus neutralization assay, designed to detect exposure to variants known to be circulating in the human population. Overall seroprevalence was 3.2%, peaking at 5.3% in autumn 2021. Variant-specific neutralizing antibody responses were detected with titers waning over time. The variant-specific response in the feline population correlated with and trailed the variants circulating in the human population, indicating multiple ongoing human-to-cat spill-over events.

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The SARS-CoV-2 reproduction number R₀ in cats

Cited by 6 publications

References 21 publications

A Spike protein-based subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for pets: safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in juvenile cats

A Spike protein-based subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for pets: safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in juvenile cats

A Spike Protein-Based Subunit SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine for Pets: Safety, Immunogenicity, and Protective Efficacy in Juvenile Cats

Rising SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence and Patterns of Cross-Variant Antibody Neutralization in UK Domestic Cats

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The SARS-CoV-2 reproduction number R0 in cats

Cited by 6 publications

References 21 publications

A Spike protein-based subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for pets: safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in juvenile cats

A Spike protein-based subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for pets: safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in juvenile cats

A Spike Protein-Based Subunit SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine for Pets: Safety, Immunogenicity, and Protective Efficacy in Juvenile Cats

Rising SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence and Patterns of Cross-Variant Antibody Neutralization in UK Domestic Cats

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The SARS-CoV-2 reproduction number R₀ in cats