The Science of Cartography and Its Essential Processes

Morrison, Joel L.

doi:10.3138/fn7m-1888-60v3-4w31

Cited by 29 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Cartographers have long recognized that abstraction of geographic information for map production requires both a purpose for the map (application) and final map scale (resolution). Using the broad communication framework of geographic information from mapmaker to map user (Kolacny 1969;Ratajski 1973;Morrison 1976), and a transformational view of cartography (Tobler 1976;Nyerges 1991), effective processes for generalization Feature Irrigation Canal Shipping Canal than Rosch's chair example, also exhibit more commonality at the basic level than at superordinate or subordinate levels. For example, the movements of visually scanning roads in general are the same, while transportation systems and specific roads require less generic movements.…”

Section: A Conceptual Framework For Featuresmentioning

confidence: 93%

Category Theory and the Structure of Features in Geographic Information Systems

Usery¹

1993

Cartography and Geographic Information Systems

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This paper explores feature-based approaches to geographic information systems (GISs) and develops a conceptual framework that can be used as a base for structuring geog;aph~c~ntities as featur,es. The concepts are drawn from set theory, cognitive category theory, and cartographic prmclples of abstraction and generalization. Set theory provides an analytical approach to determining geographic features, an example of which is multispectral classification. This approach is limited when applied to geomorphologic p~enom~na su~h as hills and valleys, but cognitive category theory with the development of prototype concepts IS applIcable rn this instance. Cartographic abstraction principles recognize the dependence of map features on purpose and scale. Combining set theory, cognitive category theory, and cartographic abstraction principles yields a base for the development of application-specific and resolution-dependent geographic featur~s for use in GIS,S. Th~.co~-elusion that features must subscribe to cognitive category theory and represent baSIClevel geographiC entItles IS supported from cartography by the common entities, such as roads and streams, that are symboliz~d on maps. The modeling concepts presented provide a basisfor design and construction of a feature-based GIS, rndependent of the underlying geometric model, but dependent on application and resolution.

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Section: A Conceptual Framework For Featuresmentioning

confidence: 93%

Category Theory and the Structure of Features in Geographic Information Systems

Usery¹

1993

Cartography and Geographic Information Systems

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“…Obviously, the possible solutions of equation (4) are far from exhausted, and many cartographic symbols, today thought to be in the realm of subjectivity, may in fact follow some particular solution of general equation (4). The possibilities and need for research in these areas seem great, and we have only begun the task of utilizing this type of formulation.…”

Section: The American Cartographermentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The Function f i , i.e., The Sensing of Reality by the Cartographer Morrison (1976)4 has identified the properties of the function f; as one-toone and not onto. The function £ is a product function of an unspecified number of separate functions.…”

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confidence: 98%

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Towards a Functional Definition of the Science of Cartography with Emphasis on Map Reading

Morrison¹

1978

The American Cartographer

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“…Also prevalent during this period were discussions of map-communication paradigms that incorporated map users' needs into cartographers' design decisions (Board 1978;Morrison 1976). Eye-movement studies (Castner and Eastman 1984) helped cartographers understand how map users process visual variables on maps.…”

Section: The Risementioning

confidence: 99%

Teaching Cartography in Academia: A Historical Reflection and Discussion of a 2007 Survey of Canadian Universities

Hermansen

2010

Cartographica

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Courses in cartography that thrived in university departments of geography in the 1970s and 1980s declined in number in the early 1990s, mostly to accommodate GIS but also partly in response to the cultural turn in geography away from quantitative methods. Today, we are witnessing a revival of mapping and cartography as a result of enhanced software tools for the creation of maps, the Internet and public mapping sites for the creation and dissemination of maps, community cartography projects, and a shift from traditional cartography to representation and geovisualization. As described in this article, a 2007 survey of cartography course offerings at Canadian universities sought to explore whether, and how, this revival has been reflected in the academic teaching of cartography necessary to support aesthetics of map design and tools for geovisualization. The results demonstrate that cartography courses are offered at almost all Canadian universities. At the introductory level, course content does not vary significantly from fundamental principles of cartography. At the advanced level, however, course content is highly varied, embracing the wide range of topics relevant to the new cartography and visualization epistemology of today. RésuméLe nombre de cours de cartographie, qui s'était accru dans les départements universitaires de géographie dans les années 1970 et 1980, a décliné au début des années 1990. Ce changement est principalement survenu à cause des SIG, mais aussi en partie à cause d'un tournant culturel en géographie : une diminution du recours aux méthodes quantitatives. De nos jours, on assiste à un retour en force du mappage et de la cartographie à la suite du perfectionnement des logiciels utilisés pour la conception de cartes, les sites Internet et la cartographie publique visant la création et la diffusion de cartes et de projets communautaires de cartographie, et du passage de la cartographie traditionnelle vers la représentation et la géovisualisation. Comme on le décrit dans l'article, on a cherché à déterminer en évaluant les cours de cartographie offerts dans les universités canadiennes en 2007, les conséquences de ce retour en force sur l'enseignement de la cartographie qui est nécessaire pour appuyer l'esthétique de la conception cartographique et les outils de géovisualisation. Les résultats ont révélé que des cours de cartographie sont offerts dans presque toutes les universités canadiennes. Au niveau « introduction », le contenu des cours ne varie pas vraiment des principes fondamentaux de la cartographie. Toutefois, au niveau « avancé », le contenu est très diversifié et couvre un large éventail de sujets pertinents pour la nouvelle épistémologie de la cartographie et de la visualisation d'aujourd'hui.

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The Science of Cartography and Its Essential Processes

Cited by 29 publications

References 1 publication

Category Theory and the Structure of Features in Geographic Information Systems

Category Theory and the Structure of Features in Geographic Information Systems

Towards a Functional Definition of the Science of Cartography with Emphasis on Map Reading

Teaching Cartography in Academia: A Historical Reflection and Discussion of a 2007 Survey of Canadian Universities

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